TABLE 26.3 Rates of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions in mammalian genes based on human-rodent comparisons Synonymous Rate Nonsynonymous Rate (per site per 109 Gene (per site per 10° years) years) a-Actin B-Actin 0.01 3.68 0.03 3.13 Albumin Aldolase A 0.91 6.63 0.07 3.59 Apoprotein E Creatine kinase 0.98 4.04 0.15 3.08 |Егytiropoietin a-Globin 0.72 4.34 0.55 5.14 B-Globin 0.80 3.05 Growth hormone 1.23 4.95 Histone 3 0.00 6.38 Immunoglobulin heavy chain (variable region) Insulin 1.07 5.66 0.13 4.02 Interferon al 1.41 3.53 Interferon y 2.79 8.59 Luteinizing homone 1.02 3.29 Somatostatin-28 0.00 3.97

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.