studied common breath metabolites such as ammonia, acetone, isoprene, ethanol, and acetaldehyde in five subjects over a period of 30 days. Each day, breath samples were taken and analyzed in the early morning on arrival at the laboratory. For subject A, a 27-year-old female, the ammonia concentration in parts per billion (ppb)followed a normal distribution over 30 days with a mean of 491 and a standard deviation of 119. (a) What is the probability that on a random day, the subject’s ammonia concentration is between 292 and 649 ppb? Explain your step by step computation
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- Dental disease in domestic cats is commonly associated with the accumulation of plaque on the teeth. A cat food manufacturer is studying the accumulation of plaque on the teeth of cats from a certain population. The accumulation of plaque is assessed using a fluorescent light technique (FLT), where an evaluator reviews images of the cat’s teeth and assigns an overall rating from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating less plaque. A previous study indicates the population distribution of the FLT ratings for the teeth of cats is bimodal with mean μ=59 and standard deviation σ=20. (a) Compare the shapes of the sampling distributions of the sample mean FLT rating for random samples of 3cats and for random samples of 60 cats from the population. Explain your answer. (b) Which of the following would be more likely to obtain from the population? • A random sample of 100 cats having a mean FLT rating that is less than 54 or • A random sample of 400 cats having a mean FLT rating that…A deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The introduction of selenium supplements to dairy cows is justified when pastures have low selenium levels. Authors of a research paper supplied the following data on milk selenium concentration (mg/L) for a sample of cows given a selenium supplement (the treatment group) and a control sample given no supplement, both initially and after a 9-day period. Initial Measurement Treatment Control 11.4 9.1 9.6 8.7 10.1 9.7 8.5 10.8 10.2 10.9 10.6 10.6 11.9 10.1 9.9 12.3 10.7 8.8 10.2 10.4 10.3 10.9 11.4 10.4 9.3 11.6 10.6 10.9 10.9 8.3 After 9 Days Treatment Control 138.3 9.2 104 8.9 96.4 8.9 89 10.1 88 9.6 103.8 8.6 147.3 10.4 97.1 12.4 172.6 9.2 146.3 9.5 99 8.4 122.3 8.8 103 12.5 117.8 9.1 121.5 93 (a) Use the given data for the treatment group to determine if…Water availability is of prime importance in the life cycle of most reptiles. To determine the rate of evaporative water loss of a certain species of lizard at a particular desert site, 34 such lizards were randomly collected, weighed and placed under the appropriate experimental conditions. After 24 hours, each lizard was removed, weighed, and its total water loss was calculated by subtracting its body weight after treatment from its initial body weight. Previous studies have shown that the relative frequency distribution of water loss for this species of lizard has a mean of 3.1 grams and a s.d. of 0.8 gram. a) What is the approximate sampling distribution of x , the mean water loss of the 34 lizards
- A 5-year study among 601 participants with retinitis pigmentosa assessed the effects of high-dose vitamin A (15,000 IU per day) and vitamin E (400 IU per day) on the course of their disease. One issue is to what extent supplementation with vitamin A affected their serum-retinol levels. The test used to analyze the effects of vitamins assumes that the distribution of serum retinol is approximately normal. To verify this assumption, the investigators obtained a frequency distribution of serum retinol at year O among males in the vitamin A group, with data as shown in the table below. The mean serum retinol for the group was 1.89 and the standard deviation was 0.36. n Serum- retinol group (μmol/L) ≤1.405 6 1.405-1.755 22 1.755-2.105 22 2.105-2.455 20 ≥2.455 3 1. Perform a statistical test to check on the normality assumption. Given your results, do you feel the assumption of normality is warranted? Why or why not?The following is data about the hemoglobin concentrations of volunteers collected at sea level and at an altitude of 11000 feet. sea level concentrations = [14.70 , 15.22, 15.28, 16.58, 15.10 , 15.66, 15.91, 14.41, 14.73, 15.09, 15.62, 14.92]11000 feet concentrations = [14.81, 15.68, 15.57, 16.59, 15.21, 15.69, 16.16, 14.68, 15.09, 15.30 , 16.15, 14.76] There are two alternative scenarios about the way the data were obtained. In scenario 1, there are 12 volunteers who lived for a month at sea level, at which time blood was drawn and the data in "sea level concentrations" dataset were obtained. Subsequently, all 12 volunteers were moved to 11000 ft and after a month the data in the "11000 feet concentrations" dataset obtained. There is a one to one correspondence between the numbers in the two datasets, that is the first numbers correspond to volunteer1, the second numbers to volunteer2 etc. In scenario 2, the "sea level concentrations" dataset is a random sample obtained from 12…In a population-based cohort study, an entire community was interviewed regarding smoking habits and then followed for one year. Upon ascertainment of all lung cancer deaths, the investigator obtained the following data: Number of Individuals Lung Cancer Deaths Smokers 24,500 15 Nonsmokers 10,500 2 Calculate the risk difference per 100,000 per year. Round to the tenth decima
- 9. Auto Exhaust and Lead Exposure Researchers interested in lead exposure due to car exhaust sampled the blood of 19 police officers subjected to constant inhalation of automobile exhaust fumes while working traffic enforcement in a primarily urban environment. The blood samples of these officers had an average lead concentration of 11.2µg/dl and a SD of 4.5µg/dl; a previous study of individuals from a nearby suburb, with no history of exposure, found an average blood level concentration of 7.2μg/dl. (a) Test the hypothesis that the downtown police officers have a higher lead exposure than the officers in the previous study. Be sure to interpret your results in context. a = = 0.05 (b) Explicitly state and check all conditions necessary for inference on this data. (c) Based on your preceding result, without performing a calculation, would a 90% confidence interval for this difference contain 0? Explain why or why not.S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) is a naturally occurring compound in human cells that is thought to have an effect on depression symptoms. Suppose that a researcher is interested in testing SAM-e on patients who are struggling with cancer. She obtains a sample of n = 20 patients and asks each person to take the suggested dosage each day for 4 weeks. At the end of the 4-week period, each individual takes the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which is a 21-item, multiple-choice self-report inventory for measuring the severity of depression. The scores from the sample produced a mean of M = 24.4 with a standard deviation of s = 6.02. In the general population of cancer patients, the standardized test is known to have a population mean of 27.2. Because there are no previous studies using SAM-e with this population, the researcher doesn't know how it will affect these patients; therefore, she uses a two-tailed single-sample t test to test the hypothesis. From the following, select the correct…A baseball pitcher, concerned about losing speed from his fastball, undertook a new training regimen during the offseason. His team's pitching coach measured the speed of 20 random fastballs (in miles per hour) thrown by the pitcher during spring training, and compared it with a sample of 20 random fastballs thrown during the pitcher's last five starts in the previous season. The results are shown in the following table. Assume that the pitcher's fastball speeds had a standard deviation of 2.9 miles per hour both before and after the training regimen and that the speeds for both time periods are normally distributed. Let the pitcher's fastball speeds in the previous season be the first sample, and let the pitcher's fastball speeds in spring training be the second sample. At the 0.05 level of significance, is there evidence that the pitcher is throwing fastballs at higher speeds? Find the test statistic, rounded to two decimal places, and the p-value, rounded to three decimal places.…
- The following is data about the hemoglobin concentrations of volunteers collected at sea level and at an altitude of 11000 feet. sea level concentrations = [14.70 , 15.22, 15.28, 16.58, 15.10 , 15.66, 15.91, 14.41, 14.73, 15.09, 15.62, 14.92]11000 feet concentrations = [14.81, 15.68, 15.57, 16.59, 15.21, 15.69, 16.16, 14.68, 15.09, 15.30 , 16.15, 14.76] There are two alternative scenarios about the way the data were obtained. In scenario 1, there are 12 volunteers who lived for a month at sea level, at which time blood was drawn and the data in "sea level concentrations" dataset were obtained. Subsequently, all 12 volunteers were moved to 11000 ft and after a month the data in the "11000 feet concentrations" dataset obtained. There is a one to one correspondence between the numbers in the two datasets, that is the first numbers correspond to volunteer1, the second numbers to volunteer2 etc. In scenario 2, the "sea level concentrations" dataset is a random sample obtained from 12…In a study conducted in Italy, 10 patients with hypertriglyceridemia were placed on a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. Before the start of the diet, cholesterol and triglyceride measurements were recorded for each subject. Patient Cholesterol Level (mmol/l) Triglyceride level (mmol/l) 1 5.12 2.30 2 6.18 2.54 3 6.77 2.95 4 6.65 3.77 5 6.36 4.18 6 5.90 5.31 7 5.48 5.53 8 6.02 8.83 9 10.34 9.48 10 8.51 14.20 a. Construct a two-way scatter plot for these data. b. Use STATA to calculate Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient for these data. c. Test, α = 0.05, whether or not the population correlation, ρ, equals 0.A group of 10-year-old boys were first ascertained in a camp for diabetic boys. They had their weight measured at baseline and again when they returned to camp 1 year later. Each time, a serum sample was obtained from which a determination of hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) was made. HgbA1c (also called glycosylated hemoglobin) is routinely used to monitor compliance with taking insulin injections. Usually, the poorer the compliance, the higher the HgbA1c level will be. The hypothesis is that the level HgbA1c is related to weight. The data in Table 11.28 were obtained. 11.95 Compute a rank correlation between change in weight and change in HgbA1c, each over 1 year. Use this measure to directly test the hypothesis that change in weight over 1 year is related to change in HgbA1c. Report a two-tailed p-value, and provide a 95% confidence interval for the underlying rank correlation.