select answer deliver cholesterol to the cells, and select answer collect excess cholesterol and transport it to the liver. low-density lipoproteins uring human digestion, excess amino acid digestion involves g? Select all that apply. high-density lipoproteins
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- The small intestine catabolizes amino acids, producing signifi cant amounts of NH4+. Describe the metabolic fate of the NH4+.Gastric juice is made up of substances secreted from parietal cells, chief cells, and mucous‑secreting cells. The cells secrete HClHCl, proteolytic enzyme zymogens, mucin, and intrinsic factor. The pH of gastric juice is acidic, between 1–3. If the pHpH of gastric juice is 1.3, what is the amount of energy (Δ?)(ΔG) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell (internal pH of 7.4) into the stomach lumen? Assume that the potential difference across the membrane separating the cell and the interior of the stomach is −60.0 mV−60.0 mV (inside of the cell is negative relative to the lumen of the stomach). Assume that the temperature is 37 °C. The Faraday constant is 96.5 kJ/(V⋅mol)96.5 kJ/(V⋅mol) and the gas constant is 8.314×10−3 kJ/(mol⋅K)8.314×10−3 kJ/(mol⋅K). Express your answer in kilojoules per mole.Enzymes that digest dietary proteins in the stomach and intestine are synthesized as proenzymes or zymogens. Which of the following is the proenzyme form of a proteolytic enzyme of the digestive tract? elastase O carboxypeptidase chymotrypsin
- Most amino acids are degraded in the liver. This is not trueof the branched-chain amino acids, most of which are degraded in extrahepatic tissues with high protein turnover.Suggest some examples of these tissues.choose the correct answer(s) bellow: * Glucose Fructose Galactose Brush + border on luminal surface Na ATP 3Na* Fructose Glucose Galactose Na'-K' ATPase (dwnd y-.eN) ADP + P, 2K Circulation None of the above Fructose enters the intestinal mucosal cell via GLUT-5. Glucose and galactose are transported into the intestinal mucosal cell by SGLT-2 All of the above The GLUT-2 transporter is the protein allows for the transport of glucose, galactose, and fructose into the portal circulation.A drug that reduces blood cholesterolhas the effect of stimulating the production of bile salts. Howmight this result in lower blood cholesterol? Hint: There aretwo ways.
- Parietal cells acidify the stomach contents while maintaining a neutral cytosolic pH by: exporting "excess" cytosolic OH as HCO3 exchanging HCO3- for CI O preserving electroneutrality by accompanying the movement of each CI ion into the stomach lumen by a K+ O All of the other are correctMicrovilli increase the surface area of intestinalcells, providing more efficient absorption of nutrients.Microvilli are shown in profile and cross section in FigureQ11–1. From the dimensions given in the figure, estimatethe increase in surface area that microvilli provide (forthe portion of the plasma membrane in contact with thelumen of the gut) relative to the corresponding surface of acell with a “flat” plasma membrane.Arrange the following statements regarding the processes of protein metabolism starting from Step 1 to Step 10 Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Enters the Kreb Cycle Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamate Active transport takes place Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptides
- Arrange the following statements reagarding the process of protien metabolism starting from 1 to step 10. Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Enters the Kreb Cycle Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Active transport takes place Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptides Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamateOn the right is a diagram of plasma concentration of three metabolites: glucose, B- hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acid of an experimental animal over weeks of starvation. 4. (a) Label the lines with the names of the three metabolites. Yellow: Red: 10 20 30 40 Blue: Days of starvation (b) What factor in the plasma binds to and transports free fatty acid (c) Where was B-hydroxybutyrate produced? Why it is produced? What are the purposes of producing it (d) How B-hydroxybutyrate is used as fuel in extrahepatic cells? Write down the reactions, enzymes, and cofactors (No need to elaborate on the TCA cycle). (e) How many ATP molecules or equivalent are generated after complete oxidation of one molecule of B-hydroxybutyrate? Show your calculations. Hint: You need to consider ATP consumption for bypassed steps that may normally yield or consume AT Plasma concentration (mM)Carnitine shuttle is used to Transport FA chains from the adipose tissue to the liver. Transport FA chains from the blood-stream to the cytosol. Transport FA chains from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix. Transport FA chains from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol.