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's doctor cautions her against taking baths in Epsom salts (MgSO4), or from taking sium nutritional supplements, because the magnesium can block voltage-gated calcium -Is. Where are these channels found? a. In the dendrites of the somatic motor neuron b. In the presynaptic terminal of the somatic motor neuron c. In the sarcolemma of the muscle cells d. In the t-tubules of the muscle cells

's doctor cautions her against taking baths in Epsom salts (MgSO4), or from taking sium nutritional supplements, because the magnesium can block voltage-gated calcium -Is. Where are these channels found? a. In the dendrites of the somatic motor neuron b. In the presynaptic terminal of the somatic motor neuron c. In the sarcolemma of the muscle cells d. In the t-tubules of the muscle cells

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Kaitlyn’s doctor cautions her against taking baths in Epsom salts (MgSO₄), or from taking magnesium nutritional supplements, because the magnesium can block voltage-gated calcium channels. 8. Where are these channels found? a. In the dendrites of the somatic motor neuron b. In the presynaptic terminal of the somatic motor neuron c. In the sarcolemma of the muscle cells d. In the t-tubules of the muscle cells
Transcribed Image Text:Kaitlyn’s doctor cautions her against taking baths in Epsom salts (MgSO₄), or from taking magnesium nutritional supplements, because the magnesium can block voltage-gated calcium channels. 8. Where are these channels found? a. In the dendrites of the somatic motor neuron b. In the presynaptic terminal of the somatic motor neuron c. In the sarcolemma of the muscle cells d. In the t-tubules of the muscle cells
**Goal:** Apply concepts about the afferent and efferent branches of the nervous system to a case study on myasthenia gravis. **Context:** Myasthenia gravis (literally ‘severe muscle weakness’) is an autoimmune disease, in which the body’s immune system attacks parts of the body. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system begins attacking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It is the most common disorder of neuromuscular transmission, and is more common in women than men, as is true for most autoimmune diseases. Women are typically affected between the ages of 20-40 years; in men it is most generally found after age 60. The nAChR is pentameric, meaning it is comprised of five subunits. These subunits vary in structure, producing at least 17 different subtypes (isoforms) of nAChR that vary in their structure and function. There are muscle-specific isoforms found only in skeletal muscle, CNS-specific isoforms, autonomic-specific isoforms – including isoforms only found in parasympathetic or sympathetic neurons, etc.). Typically, myasthenia gravis affects skeletal muscle, particularly cranial muscles, but in some individuals the autonomic nervous system may also be affected. This depends upon which subunit(s) are targeted by the immune system and consequently which channel isoforms are impacted. **Scenario:** Kaitlyn is a 28-year-old nutritionist who visits her family doctor complaining of muscle weakness and fatigability, some difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and slurred speech (dysarthria). Upon examination, Jane’s doctor also observed ptosis (eyelid drooping) on the left side. Kaitlyn’s doctor suspects myasthenia gravis and orders blood tests to look for the presence of nAChR antibodies, an MRI to look for tumors in the thymus (~75% of patients have a thymus abnormality), and a nerve stimulation test to look for evidence of changes in neuromuscular transmission. **Diagram:** A diagram is included, illustrating the structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It highlights the pentameric nature of the receptor, composed of five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon). Each subunit is depicted in a different color, labeled, and shown embedded within a
Transcribed Image Text:**Goal:** Apply concepts about the afferent and efferent branches of the nervous system to a case study on myasthenia gravis. **Context:** Myasthenia gravis (literally ‘severe muscle weakness’) is an autoimmune disease, in which the body’s immune system attacks parts of the body. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system begins attacking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It is the most common disorder of neuromuscular transmission, and is more common in women than men, as is true for most autoimmune diseases. Women are typically affected between the ages of 20-40 years; in men it is most generally found after age 60. The nAChR is pentameric, meaning it is comprised of five subunits. These subunits vary in structure, producing at least 17 different subtypes (isoforms) of nAChR that vary in their structure and function. There are muscle-specific isoforms found only in skeletal muscle, CNS-specific isoforms, autonomic-specific isoforms – including isoforms only found in parasympathetic or sympathetic neurons, etc.). Typically, myasthenia gravis affects skeletal muscle, particularly cranial muscles, but in some individuals the autonomic nervous system may also be affected. This depends upon which subunit(s) are targeted by the immune system and consequently which channel isoforms are impacted. **Scenario:** Kaitlyn is a 28-year-old nutritionist who visits her family doctor complaining of muscle weakness and fatigability, some difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and slurred speech (dysarthria). Upon examination, Jane’s doctor also observed ptosis (eyelid drooping) on the left side. Kaitlyn’s doctor suspects myasthenia gravis and orders blood tests to look for the presence of nAChR antibodies, an MRI to look for tumors in the thymus (~75% of patients have a thymus abnormality), and a nerve stimulation test to look for evidence of changes in neuromuscular transmission. **Diagram:** A diagram is included, illustrating the structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). It highlights the pentameric nature of the receptor, composed of five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon). Each subunit is depicted in a different color, labeled, and shown embedded within a
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Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that serves both excitatory and inhibitory functions. It has excitatory functions in neuromuscular junctions. It is released in the synaptic cleft. 

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