Research has now demonstrated that techniques that have been developed for cloning animals could be used to clone human embryos, although no living human clones have been produced. There is widespread consensus that cloning a live human would be unethical. However, some people have suggested creating cloned embryos from which stem or pluripotent cells, which have the ability to develop into any tissue or organ, could be extracted. The stem and pluripotent cells might then be used to create genetically identical tissues and organs that could then be transplanted back into the donor to treat failed organs and diseases. What might be some reasons for or against this type of therapeutic cloning?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Research has now demonstrated that techniques that have been
developed for cloning animals could be used to clone human embryos,
although no living human clones have been produced. There is
widespread consensus that cloning a live human would be unethical.
However, some people have suggested creating cloned embryos from
which stem or pluripotent cells, which have the ability to develop into
any tissue or organ, could be extracted. The stem and pluripotent cells
might then be used to create genetically identical tissues and organs
that could then be transplanted back into the donor to treat failed
organs and diseases. What might be some reasons for or against this
type of therapeutic cloning?
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