**Organic Molecules and Carbohydrates**1. **Covalent Bonds in Carbon:** - Explore how many covalent bonds a single carbon atom can form and the reasons behind this.2. **Double Covalent Bonds:** - Explain the number of electrons shared when a double covalent bond is formed.3. **Incorrectly Drawn Molecules:** - Identify issues with molecules lacking sufficient bonds and specify which carbon does not meet this requirement.4. **Identifying Molecules:** - Determine whether a given molecular formula (e.g., CH4) represents an inorganic or organic molecule.5. **Molecule Properties:** - Decide if an organic molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic based on its formula.6. **Isomers:** - Determine the isomeric relationships between molecules and explain the differences.7. **Functional Groups:** - Discuss the importance and identification of functional groups within molecules.8. **Molecular Relationships:** - Define and explain the relationships among macromolecules, monomers, dimers, and polymers.9. **Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis:** - Describe these processes with a focus on their chemical reactions and results.10. **Organic Categories of Carbohydrates:** - List the four main organic categories and describe the elemental ratios commonly found in carbohydrates.11. **Structural Differences in Lipids:** - Compare the carbon content in lipids and carbohydrates and their implications.12. **Carbohydrate Structural Types:** - Understand carbohydrates as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.13. **Major Monosaccharides:** - Present the molecular formulas, functions, and locations of five principal monosaccharides.14. **Major Disaccharides:** - Identify the disaccharides and their corresponding monosaccharides, emphasizing the necessity of hydrolysis for digestion.15. **Major Polysaccharides:** - Explore the functions and digestibility of four main polysaccharides, noting where they are found.**Lipids and Proteins**1. **Common Lipid Properties:** - Define a shared property of all lipids and the reasoning behind it.2. **Characteristics of Fats and Oils:** - Identify the major characteristics distinguishing fats from oils.3. **Building Blocks of Fats or Oils:** - Name the components that make up ## Steroids and Proteins### Steroids:1. Recognize that although steroids have varied functions, they share the same basic structure. What is this common structure?### Proteins:1. Know that proteins are composed of polypeptides. What type of monomer makes up polypeptides?2. Identify two functional groups present in all amino acids. Which part of amino acids varies?3. How many amino acids are found in proteins in living organisms? Learn to recognize a molecule as an amino acid from its structural formula.4. Understand how amino acids are joined and separated. What is the covalent bond between two amino acids called? What determines amino acid sequences in proteins?5. Describe the four levels of protein organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.6. What does it mean to denature a protein? What can cause denaturation? Why can heat or pH changes be fatal to organisms?7. Identify major examples of proteins and their functions.## DNA Structure and Replication1. Describe the basic structure of DNA and why it is called a double helix.2. Define a nucleotide and list the four different nucleotides. Which are purines and which are pyrimidines?3. Outline the basic components of a nucleotide.4. What enzyme is required to unwind DNA?5. Detail the process of DNA replication.6. Explain the outcome of DNA replication.

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ponds. Given a molecular formula (such as CH4) identify the molecule Given an organic molecule (molecular or structural formula) ind aydrophobic or hydrophilic and why. Given two molecules, identify whether they are isomers of each Explain the importance of functional groups. Be able to identify Define and explain the relationship of the following words: mac polymer. Describe the chemical reactions of dehydration synthesis and hy what is accomplished. (Which can bond together monomers? V nonomers? Which utilizes a water molecule, which is split? w and OH are removed from two monomers?) What are the four major categories of organic molecules, and wl What ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen is typical of carbohydrat rom its molecular or structural formula. in comparison to carbohydrates, what atom is present in much lo Realize that in carbohydrates, monomers are called monosaccha and polymers are called polysaccharides. List the five major monosaccharides, and for each indicate its m ound, and its major function. Hint: the name "Dr. Frugal Glue nay help you remember Deoxyribose, ribose, fructose, galactos List the 3 major disaccharides. For each indicate the 2 monosac where it is found. Recognize that to digest monosaccharides inte nust occur, and a particular enzyme is required. To help you re Sue likes to go to downtown Columbia to visit the lake and the i List the 4 major polysaccharides, and recognize that they are all glucose. For each indicate where it is found, its function, and w. enzymes. Also, explain how cows are able to obtain calories frc do not produce the needed enzyme. To help you remember the p iked to eat starch, but would also chew on celery (glycogen, sta ds and Proteins

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...