Phylogenetic with branch lengths scaled in genetic distance 0.88 0.88 0.93 0.78 2388-3883 232 2002 9853-2888 0.8 0.82 0.89- 0.9 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage 2 0.99 2001 90-2004 4484 2005 0.63 +385627805 7183883 11 2002 -83331-9811 74333-2690 52505-2010 10737 2002 203 2001 8073_2007 1511-290201 47032810 -049362009-2011 83922889 0153005 98507_2009 8195 200 46839 769803007 Root-to-tip distance Evolutionary distance from root-to-tip versus sampling time 2.8x10 2.2×10 R²=0.00 1990 1995 2000 00 000 80 2005 000 O OD 1000 Boo 2010
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
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