4. At which stage of viral infection did these mutations most likely occur?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
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For question 4, can you please confirm the correct stage?
**SARS-CoV-2 Virus Mutation Analysis**

**Overview**
The earliest SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States were detected in Washington in January 2020. Scientists have sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from various infected individuals nationwide.

**Table 1: Sequence Data for Spike Protein Gene**
Table 1 provides sequence data for the gene encoding the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected in different states from January to May 2020. The sequence from Washington was used as a reference to note how mutations occurred in viruses from Utah, Colorado, Kansas, and California over time. The mutations in specific gene locations show how the virus has evolved.

**Data Representation**
| State      | Position in the sequence alignment                                | Number of Differences |
|------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|
|            | 1059 | 3037 | 14408 | 18660 | 23403 | 25563 | 28144          |                       |
| Washington | C    | C    | C     | T     | A     | G     | C              | 0                     |
| Utah       | .    | C    | T     | .     | G     | T     | T              | 6                     |
| Colorado   | C    | C    | C     | .     | A     | G     | T              | 2                     |
| Kansas     | C    | T    | C     | .     | G     | G     | T              | 5                     |
| California | T    | T    | C     | .     | G     | T     | T              | 7                     |

**Analysis Questions**
3. **Type of Mutations Represented**
   - Substitutions (correct answer: A) are the main mutation type indicated in Table 1, as seen by the changes in nucleotide letter assignments.
   
4. **Stage of Viral Infection for Mutations**
   - Mutations likely occur during the replication stage of the viral infection. This stage involves copying the viral RNA, which can introduce errors leading to genetic mutations.

This data emphasizes the role of mutations in the spread and evolution of the virus, critical for developing treatments and preventive measures.
Transcribed Image Text:**SARS-CoV-2 Virus Mutation Analysis** **Overview** The earliest SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States were detected in Washington in January 2020. Scientists have sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from various infected individuals nationwide. **Table 1: Sequence Data for Spike Protein Gene** Table 1 provides sequence data for the gene encoding the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 viruses collected in different states from January to May 2020. The sequence from Washington was used as a reference to note how mutations occurred in viruses from Utah, Colorado, Kansas, and California over time. The mutations in specific gene locations show how the virus has evolved. **Data Representation** | State | Position in the sequence alignment | Number of Differences | |------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------| | | 1059 | 3037 | 14408 | 18660 | 23403 | 25563 | 28144 | | | Washington | C | C | C | T | A | G | C | 0 | | Utah | . | C | T | . | G | T | T | 6 | | Colorado | C | C | C | . | A | G | T | 2 | | Kansas | C | T | C | . | G | G | T | 5 | | California | T | T | C | . | G | T | T | 7 | **Analysis Questions** 3. **Type of Mutations Represented** - Substitutions (correct answer: A) are the main mutation type indicated in Table 1, as seen by the changes in nucleotide letter assignments. 4. **Stage of Viral Infection for Mutations** - Mutations likely occur during the replication stage of the viral infection. This stage involves copying the viral RNA, which can introduce errors leading to genetic mutations. This data emphasizes the role of mutations in the spread and evolution of the virus, critical for developing treatments and preventive measures.
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