New "closed loop" (CL) devices have been developed to help to suppress overactive brain activity in patients with conditions such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy.† The CL device is implanted directly into a specific area of the brain, and one of the key advantages is that it can immediately apply a treatment in reaction to heightened brain activity. This may help to reduce the duration of seizures and other periods of uncontrolled movement in patients. A study was conducted on the effectiveness of the CL device on brain activity in rats. First, each of seven rats was observed for 15 minutes with the CL device implanted but not activated (OFF). The percentage of the time that each rat was moving was recorded. Then, after each CL device was activated (CL), the percentage of the time that the rat was moving was recorded over another 15-minute period. The OFF and CL data values given in the accompanying table are approximated from a graph in the research article. The calculated difference in movement, OFF − CL, is also given. What is the P-value? Rat ID OFF CL Difference (OFF − CL) 1 97.8 56.6 41.2 2 56.9 25.5 31.4 3 57.7 40.0 17.7 4 58.1 68.1 −10.0 5 49.8 45.1 4.7 6 53.1 35.7 17.4 7 57.8 44.5 13.3

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Contingency Table

A contingency table can be defined as the visual representation of the relationship between two or more categorical variables that can be evaluated and registered. It is a categorical version of the scatterplot, which is used to investigate the linear relationship between two variables. A contingency table is indeed a type of frequency distribution table that displays two variables at the same time.

Binomial Distribution

Binomial is an algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms. Before knowing about binomial distribution, we must know about the binomial theorem.