Imagine you need to come up with a diagnostic test to monitor the viral load ofpatients with HIV. If the viral load is higher than a set standard, there is evidence theanti-retroviral therapy is no longer working and the patient needs to be moved to adifferent therapy that costs more money. Thus, false positives incur higher costs.However, if the test misses higher than normal viral loads (for patients in treatment),then the patient runs the risk of developing AIDS. Hence, false negatives result in alikely deadly disease. How would you balance these two types of error in devising yourtest?Minimize beta by raising the one-tailed alpha, since greater power will reducefalse negatives and save patientsOMinimize the one-tailed alpha, since lower P-values indicate the test is highlysignificant and prevent prematurely switching the patientsMinimize the one-tailed alpha and beta, since this action will prevent prematurelyswitching the patients and reduce false negatives, thereby saving patientsMinimize beta by raising the two-tailed alpha, since greater power will reducefalse negatives and save patientsMinimize the two-tailed alpha, since lower P-values show the greater effect andprevent prematurely switching the patients

Given The false negative test indicates that the patient does not have the viral load when actually…

Answered: Imagine you need to come up with a…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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A clinical trial is being conducted in order to determine the efficacy of a new drug that will be used to treat Crohn’s disease. The efficacy of the medication will not only be determined by the physical improvement of symptoms but will also be determined by using a blood test to examine the concentration of C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in an individual’s blood. If the researcher wants the margin of error for the level of C-reactive protein to be less than or equal to 2.9 mg/dL and the standard deviation for C-reactive protein concentrations among Crohn’s disease patients was previously documented at 10.1 mg/dL, how many patients should be recruited for each group of individuals in the study, assuming a 95% confidence interval will be used to quantify the mean differences between the control group and the treatment group? n for the treatment group = 12 and n for the control group = 12 n for the treatment group = 14 and n for the control group = 14 n for the treatment…
Suppose that you wanted to determine if a drug improves students abilities to concentrate and study. A study conducted by a pharmaceutical company recruited 125 students with averge IQ’s to participate in a randomized clinical trial. The drug company split the recruits into two groups. Group 1, the placebo group was given a sugar pill. The second group, Group 2, the treatment group was given the drug. They were then asked to asked to complete a very difficult task and the amount of time they took before they quit was calculated. They claim that the placebo group will have different focus times from the treatment group. You will test the claim with a significance of .01. which test should you run and why?
A researcher conducted the first four steps of an Independent ANOVA, and on step 4 he Rejected H0, concluding that the drug had some overall effect. However, as we learned, Rejecting H0 is not really enough to call your study a “success” on ANOVA; you still need to check several more things in Step 5 and Step 6. So, let’s say the researcher gets the following APA table on Step 5. In which of the following cases would the drug shown on this APA table be considered a “success”? Small Dose of Drug Medium Dose of Drug High Dose of Drug M 27.00 22.00 11.00 SD 1.00 1.73 1.00 chocies More than one of the other three options could be considered a “success” with the APA table shown If the study was investigating a memory-improving pill where the D.V. is memory score If the study was investigating a pain-reduction pill where the D.V. is pain levels If the study was investigating a depression-fighting medication where the D.V. is depression
An antidepressant has historically been known to relieve depression for 65% of patients who use the drug. The drug's formula was changed recently to include a smaller dose of its main, active ingredient. Due to this change, a medical researcher suspects that among all people with depression who use the new version of the drug, the proportion, p, of people who find relief is lower than 65%. A random sample of 215 patients who use the new version is selected by the researcher, and 125 of them find relief from depression. Based on these data, can we support the researcher's claim at the 0.05 level of significance? Perform a one-tailed test. Then complete the parts below. Carry your intermediate computations to three or more decimal places and round your answers as specified in the table. (If necessary, consult a list of formulas.)
A clinical trial is being conducted in order to determine the efficacy of a new drug that will be used to treat Crohn’s disease. The efficacy of the medication will not only be determined by the physical improvement of symptoms but will also be determined by using a blood test to examine the concentration C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in an individual’s blood. If the researcher wants a margin of error for the level of C-reactive protein to be less than or equal to 2.9 mg/dL and the standard deviation for C-reactive protein concentrations among Crohn’s disease patients was previously documented at 10.1 mg/dL, how many patients should be recruited for each group of individuals in the study, assuming a 95% confidence interval will be used to quantify the mean differences between the control group and the treatment group?
You are a biochemist working at a major pharmaceutical company. You and your team are tasked with developing an improved common cold medication that has lower rates of side effectsthan the one that the company is currently marketing as its main over-the-counter symptom reliever. You think you found a variationof the known, proprietary molecule that is much better in terms of the side effects. Partnering with the local clinic, you find 10 volunteers to use the new drug (after necessary clinical phases)and record the number of side effects they experience over a period of two weeks. The data are: Xi: 0, 0, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 3 You ask one of the interns in the team to pull the info from the database about side effects rate in the current drug. The intern tells you that the mean rate for the current drug is 1.8, with a standard deviation of .4. C. Conduct the test. Make a decision about the null hypothesis, interpret your results and calculate effect size if applicable. At ?=.05can you…
Tonya , a research director, is conducting an experiment to determine the effectiveness of treatment for peach trees against blight. She randomly divides one grove's trees into three groups. One group is the control with no treatment for blight. She prunes the second group to remove the limbs showing blight after the spring rains. She prunes the third group as well and also sprays them with an antibiotic. Vanessa monitors the trees for five years after the start of the experiment. The table shows the outcomes, or the counts of how long the trees in each group lived. Treatment Outcomes None Pruning Antibiotic Totals 0 to 2 years 41 35 27 103 2 to 4 years 28 44 46 118 More than 4 years 13 22 51 86 Totals 82 101 124 307 Determine the probability that a randomly selected tree from this experiment lived two to four years or was treated with an antibiotic. Give your answer as a decimal, precise to three decimal places
A clinical trial is being conducted in order to determine the efficacy of a new drug that will be used to treat Crohn’s disease. The efficacy of the medication will not only be determined by the physical improvement of symptoms but will also be determined by using a blood test to examine the concentration C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) in an individual’s blood. If the researcher wants a margin of error for the level of C-reactive protein to be less than or equal to 2.9 mg/dL and the standard deviation for C-reactive protein concentrations among Crohn’s disease patients was previously documented at 10.1 mg/dL, how many patients should be recruited for each group of individuals in the study, assuming a 95% confidence interval will be used to quantify the mean differences between the control group and the treatment group? Group of answer choices nfor the treatment group = 12 and n for the control group = 12 nfor the treatment group = 14 and n for the control group = 14…
A clinician interested in agoraphobia (fear of public places) tests a new treatment method. She samples five agoraphobics from her clinic and has them report how many times they ventured out of their houses (on their own) in the past month. They then received relaxation training and were introduced to trips away from their homes at gradually increasing durations. After 2 months, subjects again reported how many times they ventured (on their own) out of their houses. The data are below. Assess whether there is a significant change in trips outside the home from before to after therapy. a. Report and interpret an effect size b. what type of error might you be making?
Drug manufactures of Drug X, which was released on the market 5 years ago to treat Crohn’s disease, have noticed that many individuals treated with the drug have developed drug-induced lupus. A cohort study was conducted for post-marketing surveillance. It has documented that 6 individuals have developed drug-induced lupus over the course of the past 5 years. If 1 individual developed the disease at the 1-year mark, 3 developed the disease at the 2-year mark, 1 developed the disease at the 3-year mark, and the final individual developed the disease at the 4-year mark, what is the incidence rate of drug-induced lupus? 0.0429 0.4290 0.5710 0.9571
An antidepressant has historically been known to relieve depression for 80% of patients who use the drug. The drug's formula was changed recently to include a smaller dose of its main, active ingredient. Due to this change, a medical researcher suspects that among all people with depression who use the new version of the drug, the proportion, p, of people who find relief is lower than 80%. A random sample of 245 patients who use the new version is selected by the researcher, and 178 of them find relief from depression. Based on these data, can we support the researcher's claim at the 0.01 level of significance? Perform a one-tailed test. Then complete the parts below. Carry your intermediate computations to three or more decimal places and round your answers as specified in the table. (If necessary, consult a list of formulas.) (a) State the null hypothesis H, and the alternative hypothesis H,. p H, :0 H :0 (b) Determine the type of test statistic to use. (Choose one) ▼ D=0 OSO (c)…
Patients diagnosed with retinopathy (disease of the retina) were admitted into a study where they were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments and monitored for 6 years. The study found that 143 of the 352 patients assigned to the conventional treatment (group 1) showed an improvement of their disease. Whereas 177 of the 363 patients assigned to the intensive treatment (group 2) had improvement of the disease. Suppose you are hypothesizing that the intensive treatment (Group 2) is more effective than the conventional treatment (Group 1) but hypotheses are written in the form of Group 1-Group 2. Conducting a test of significance (at a 5%) with the hypotheses you chose from Question 9, you calculated a p-value equal to which made you decide to O A) 0.9861; fail to reject Ho B) 2.20; fail to reject Ho OC) 0.0139; reject Ho D) 0.0139; fail to reject Ho E) -2.20; reject Ho

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