Kinases are enzymes responsible for transferring the terminal phosphate of ATP to the side chains of serines, threonines, and tyrosines in proteins. This is called phosphorylation. Many kinases require autophosphorylation before they can phosphorylate other targets. Discuss how phosphorylation of Ser, Thr, and Tyr changes their chemical properties and how phosphorylation of a kinase might help make it active for other substrates..

Q: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) is a molecule that can act as an allosteric activator of…

A: The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine…

Q: The text states that ATP is synthesized primarily by energy metabolism,whereas other nucleoside…

A: Adenosine (ATP) triphosphate is the energy compound, which helps to catalyze several metabolic…

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Q: Which three amino acid residues can be phosphorylated by kinases? What property do these amino acids…

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Q: Which of the following regarding GPCR's is FALSE?

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Q: What is the source of the ATP for the kinase reaction?

A: ATP Kinase : It is an enzyme that catalyses the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy,…

Q: In the two competition study experiments below, what can you say about the relative affinities of…

A: From both the given figures, it can be stated that the relative binding affinity of the labeled…

Q: What are kinases and what is their role in two-componentregulatory systems?

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Q: Why has phosphorylation by kinases one of the choice pathways that evolved for signal transduction?…

A: The cells are involved in various functions. The cellular functions are coordinated through signal…

Q: For most signaling molecules, explain why a signal transduction pathway is necessary

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Q: Compare the three kinases - PKA, PKC, and CaMKinase II in terms of activation. What is the initial…

A: PKA, PKC, and CaMKinase II are three different serine/threonine kinases that play important roles in…

Q: Which of the following are activated either directly or indirectly by a heterotrimeric G protein…

A: Heterotrimeric  G proteins are membrane associated G proteins that form a heterotrimeric complex.It…

Q: kinase inhibitor that binds Kinase X and prevents ATP binding. Kinase X is part of an important…

A: Proteins are the ultimate functional machinery of a cell. On the surface it appears that they…

Q: What is allosteric regulation? Describe HOW allosteric regulation acts like an “on/off” switch for…

A: The cell signaling is the communication between cells that requires specific signaling molecules…

Q: Protein kinases can be divided into two large groups. Select the option that identifies one of those…

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Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor can basically be broken…

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Q: Can you please elaborate why blocking the inhibitory G protein from deactivating adenylate cyclase…

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Q: Describe how receptors alter the activity of G protein complexes. List three ways in which activated…

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Q: Identify the missing components and write their names against the numbers 1-7 given below:

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Q: 1. What effect would the noncompetitive inhibitor of the G1/S-Cdk complex have on the Rb protein in…

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Q: Kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate donor such as adenosine…

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Q: For cell signaling, write the general process of how a hydrophilic signal is received and…

A: Signal transduction is a process of the transmission of a chemical message from a molecule outside…

Q: Is protein kinase A a second messenger in the adenylate cyclase pathway?

A: Secondary messenger is the low molecular weight, intracellular molecule produced in high…

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Q: BIM-46187 is a protein inhibitor that binds to the a-subunit of the G. protein. It prevents the…

A: Cell signaling is the conversion of the information in a signal into cellular response. Ligands,…

Q: Diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF) inactivates chymotrypsin by covalently modifying serine 195.…

A: Diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DIPF) is an irreversible inhibitor of chymotrypsin. It forms a…

Q: What type of kinase is PKA? (This causes phosphorylation of proteins by transferring the phosphate…

A: Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase A (PKA) (EC 2.7.11.11) belongs to the protein…

Q: Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that is a central regulator of cell…

A: The pathway that is described involves a series of events that ultimately lead to mTOR activation.…

Q: The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins is a vital means of regulation. Protein…

A: Phosphorylation is a biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic…

Q: What is the MAPK signaling pathway? What are the important enzymes and their function within the…

A: •MAPK signaling pathways have also been identified in higher organisms. In mammals, three major…

Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.