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Birds and mammals are both endothermic, i.e. they maintain their body temperature internally through their
According to this phylogenetic tree, turtles must also be endotherms
This is false; birds are ectotherms.
Endothermy is a synapomorphy for birds and mammals, so the tree must be wrong.
Endothermy evolved independently in mammals, and again in birds, making it convergent.
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- The position where a spinal cord enters the skull provides evidence about whether a fossil species _______. a. was. nocturnal b. was carnivorous c. walked upright d. could speakFlies are ___________ . chelicerates hexapods arachnids crustaceansThe 3.6-million-year-old footprints left by bipedal walkers in Tanzania were probably made by _______. a. australopiths b. Neanderthals c. modem human d. Homo enctus
- Effects of Kartagener Syndrome An abnormal form of the motor protein dynein causes Kartagener .syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by chronic sinus and lung infections. Biofilms form in the thick mucus that collects in the airways, and the resulting bacterial activities and inflammation damage tissues. Men affected by Kartagener syndrome can produce sperm (FIGURE 4.20) but are typically infertile; some of them have become fathers after their sperm cells were injected directly into eggs. Review Figure 4.19, then explain these observations. FIGURE 4.20 An effect of Kartagener syndrome. Cross-section of a sperm flagellum an affected man (left) and an unaffected man (right).An endoskeleton consists of _________. a. a fluid in an internal space b. hardened plat at the surface of a body c. internal hard parts d. a fluid that surrounds the bodySustainable Use of Horseshoe Crabs Horseshoe crab blood clots immediately upon exposure to bacterial toxins, so it can be used to test injectable drugs for the presence of dangerous bacteria. To keep horseshoe crab populations stable, blood is extracted from captured animals, which are then returned to the wild. Concerns about the survival of animals after bleeding led researchers to do an experiment. They compared survival of animals captured and maintained in a tank with that of animals captured, bled, and kept in a similar tank. FIGURE 24.28 shows the results. FIGURE 24.28 Mortality of young male horseshoe crabs kept in tanks during the 2 weeks after their capture. Half the animals were bled on the day of their capture. Control animals were handled, but not bled. This procedure was repeated 8 times with different sets of horseshoe crabs. In which trial did the most control crabs die? In which did the most bled crabs die?
- Figure 15.24 Which of the following statements about the anatomy of a mollusk is false? a. Mollusks have a radula for scraping food. b. Mollusks have ventral nerve cords. c. The tissue beneath the shell is called the mantle. d. The mantle cavity contains hemolymph.Changes in the Air To assess the impact of human activity on the carbon dioxide level in Earths atmosphere, it helps to take a long view. One useful data set comes from deep core samples of Antarctic ice. The oldest ice core that has been fully analyzed dates back a bit more than 400,000 years. Air bubbles trapped in the ice provide information about the gas content in Earths atmosphere at the time the ice formed. Combining ice core data with more recent direct measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxideas in FIGURE 46.13can help scientists put current changes in the atmospheric carbon dioxide into historical perspective. FIGURE 46.13 Changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels (in parts per million). Direct measurements began in 1980. Earlier data are based on ice cores. What was the highest carbon dioxide level between 400,000 B.C. and 0 A.D.?Effect of Paternal Grandmother's Food Supply on Infant Mortality Widely available historical data on periods of famine show that before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn often led to severe food shortages the following winter. Retrospective studies have correlated infant mortality with the abundance or food during a grandparent's child hood. FIGURE 10.11 shows results from one or these studies. FIGURE 10.11 Relative risk of early death of female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply, that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of mortality. A value above the line means increased risk; one below the line indicates reduced risk. Compare the mortality risk of girls whose paternal grandmothers ate well at age 2 with girls whose grandmothers experienced famine at the same age. Which girl was more likely to die early? How much more likely was she to die?
- Effect of Paternal Grandmother's Food Supply on Infant Mortality Widely available historical data on periods of famine show that before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn often led to severe food shortages the following winter. Retrospective studies have correlated infant mortality with the abundance or food during a grandparent's child hood. FIGURE 10.11 shows results from one or these studies. FIGURE 10.11 Relative risk of early death of female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply, that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of mortality. A value above the line means increased risk; one below the line indicates reduced risk. Children have a period of show growth around age 9. What trend in this data can you see around that age?Effect of Paternal Grandmother's Food Supply on Infant Mortality Widely available historical data on periods of famine show that before the industrial revolution, a failed harvest in one autumn often led to severe food shortages the following winter. Retrospective studies have correlated infant mortality with the abundance or food during a grandparent's child hood. FIGURE 10.11 shows results from one or these studies. FIGURE 10.11 Relative risk of early death of female child, correlated with the age at which her paternal grandmother experienced a winter with a food supply, that was scarce (blue) or abundant (red) during childhood. The dotted line represents no difference in risk of mortality. A value above the line means increased risk; one below the line indicates reduced risk. There was no correlation between early death of a male child and eating habits of his paternal grandmother, but there was a strong correlation with the eating habits of his paternal grandfather. What does this tell you about the location of epigenetic changes that gave rise to these data?Summoning Moaquitoes Parasites sometimes alter their hosts behavior in a way that increase their chances of transmission to another host. Dr. Jacob Koella and his associates hypothesized that Plasmodium might benefit by making its human host more attractive to hungry mosquitoes when gametocytes are available in the hosts blood. Gametocytes taken up by the mosquito will mature into gametes and mate inside its gut. To test their hypothesis, the researchers recorded the response or mosquitoes to the odor or Plasmodium-infected children and uninfected children over the course of 12 trials on 12 separate days. FIRGURE 21.18 shows their results. FIGURE 21.18 Attracting mosquitoes. The graph shows that the number of mosquitoes (out 100) attracted to uninfected children, children harboring the aseoual stage of Plasmodium, and children with gametocytes in their blood. The bars show the average number of mosquitoes attracted to that category of child over the course of 12 separate trials. On average, which group of children was most attractive to mosquitoes?
