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Is Drosophila Toll protein a receptor that binds PAMPs?
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- The oscillatory clock that drives somite forma-tion in vertebrates involves three essential componentsHer7 (an unstable repressor of its own synthesis), Delta (atransmembrane signaling molecule), and Notch (a trans-membrane receptor for Delta). Notch is bound by Delta onneighboring cells, activating the Notch signaling pathway,which then activates Her7 transcription. Normally, thissystem works flawlessly to create sharply defined somites(Figure Q21–2A). In the absence of Delta, however, onlythe first five somites form normally, and the rest are poorlydefined (Figure Q21–2B). If a pulse of Delta is suppliedlater, somite formation returns to normal in the regionswhere Delta was present (Figure Q21–2C). A diagram ofthe connections between the components of the clockand how they interact in adjacent cells is shown in FigureQ21–2D. In the absence of Delta, why do the cells becomeunsynchronized? What is it about the presence of Deltathat keeps adjacent cells oscillating in synchrony?A sequenced fragment of DNA in Drosophila was used ina BLAST search. The best (closest) match was to a kinasegene from Neurospora. Does this match mean that theDrosophila sequence contains a kinase gene?Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is a small, soluble molecule. P11 (a small protein) is required for transport of serotonin receptors to the cell surface. Assume for this problem that p11 affects transport of serotonin receptors only, and that it does not affect transport of any other proteins (a simplification). Depressed people seem to have low levels of p11; treatments that improve mood increase the expression of the p11 gene. NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.) seem to decrease expression of p11. SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) decrease re-uptake of serotonin at synapses. Some depressed patients are helped by SSRIs, but some are not. Explain both parts of B. B-1. The results indicate that depression can be caused by levels of serotonin receptors that are (higher than normal) (lower than normal) (neither – no evidence here for any effect on depression) (higher or lower but can't tell which). B-2. If a depressed person does not respond to SSRIs, the person…
- What is the signaling pathway that mediates the organizing activity of the A/P organizer in the Drosophila wing disc? Describe two experiments that suggest this pathway functions to organize pattern and promote growth along the anterior/posterior axis of wing imaginal discs.Which of the following statements is FALSE? The Delta protein itself is a transcription regulator; it controls the development of neural cells in Drosophila. Not all receptors trigger complex signaling cascades that use multiple components to carry a message to the nucleus; some take a more direct route to control gene expression. Some receptors activate a fast track to the nucleus; one such receptor is the protein Notch, which is activated by the binding of the transmembrane signal protein Delta. In plants, the ethylene signaling pathway turns on genes by relieving inhibition.Match the protein on the left with the type of activation of that protein on the right STAT Smad PKA Ras NFKB Nuclear receptor [Choose] [Choose] GTP binding serine phosphorylation Interaction with Galpha Cleavage by y-secretase destruction of a protein by proteasome tyrosine phosphorylation second messenger ligand binding [Choose] [Choose] [Choose]
- While investigating the function of a specific growth factor receptor gene from humans, researchers found that two types of proteins are synthesized from this gene. A larger protein containing a membrane spanning domain recognizes growth factors at the cell surface, stimulating a specific downstream signaling pathway. In contrast, a related, smaller protein is secreted from the cell and binds available growth factor circulating in the blood, thus inhibiting the downstream signaling pathway. Speculate on how the cell synthesizes these disparate proteins.A single mutation in one of the transcription factors inProblem 33 results in a drastic reduction in YFG transcription. Diagram what this mutant interaction mightlook likeWhat is the function of Drosophila melanogaster RNA polymerase II in the cell
- I just read an abstract of the paper “Disulfide bond-disrupting agents activate the tumor necrosis family-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/death receptor 5 pathway” and noted that “DDAs and TRAIL synergize to kill cancer cells and are cytotoxic to HER2+ cancer cells with acquired resistance to the EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lapatinib.” For the last sentence, I am not sure the meaning of the “acquired resistance to the EGFR/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor Lapatinib”. Is the “acquired resistance ... to inhibitor” a good thing or bad thing, as far as the synergize effect of DDAs and TRAIL”? Hope that expert can help.The genes described below are part of the yeast mating signal transduction pathway that signals the presence of extracellular alpha pheromone to the nucleus. These genes are listed in the order they function in the pathway. STE3 encodes alpha pheromone receptor STE4 encodes the ß subunit of a heterotrimeric G protein STE7 encodes a protein kinase STE12 encodes a transcription factor Loss-of function-mutations in any of these genes are sterile. In addition, gain-of-function mutations can be isolated in these genes. For which gene would a loss of function mutation suppress gain-of-function mutations in any of the other three genes. STE3 STE7 STE12 STE4GTP binding proteins are molecular switches. How do GTP binding proteins work? Provide two examples of GTP binding proteins that function in intracellular protein transport. Make a drawing that illustrates the function of each of these proteins in their respective roles. Predict the direct outcome of a mutation that: Inhibits GTPase activity Inhibits interaction with the GEF
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