In the hypothetical signaling pathway shown below, the hormone 'square' binds to its high-affinity receptor, which activates a protein 'X,' which diffuses to and activates the enzyme 'Q synthase'. When active, Q synthase catalyzes the conversion of 'P' to 'Q.' 'Q' then diffuses to the enzyme 'C kinase', which catalyzes the phosphorylation of 'C'. Phosphorylated 'C' then diffuses to and binds to the Ca** channels in an organelle membrane, which causes them to open and release Ca+ , which then triggers the cellular response. The second messenger in this pathway is Square Q synthase C kinase AGBO AGO Ca2+

Q: A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form…

A: Heterotrimeric G proteins plays an important role as molecular switches in the process of signal…

Q: Using examples, describe the signalling pathway from receptor tyrosine kinase activation to gene…

A: Many polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones have high-affinity cell surface receptors…

Q: Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned…

A: It is true that cellular signalling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of…

Q: Which three amino acid residues can be phosphorylated by kinases? What property do these amino acids…

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Q: Release of glucose into the bloodstream from cells in the liver can be initiated by epinephrine…

A: Glucose is a simple sugar and the primary source of energy for most living organisms. It is a…

Q: You perform a competition study on a GPCR. You have isolated the plasma membrane from cells which…

A: GPCR stands for G Protein-Coupled Receptor. It is a type of transmembrane receptor that spans the…

Q: Put the following steps for the outline of the growth factor signaling pathway in order: Map Kinase…

A: Activities with constant changes in the environment. In doing so, organisms use a number of pathways…

Q: Protein Kinase A can phosphorylate different proteins in different cells. Explain the role of AKAP’s…

A: The A-kinase anchor proteins (AKAPs) are a group of structurally diverse proteins, which have the…

Q: GPCR: What would the following mutation mean for the status of the signaling pathway, and the…

A: The following mutation mean for the status of the signaling pathway, and the generation of cAMP from…

Q: What is allosteric regulation? Describe HOW allosteric regulation acts like an “on/off” switch for…

A: The cell signaling is the communication between cells that requires specific signaling molecules…

Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor can basically be broken…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a group of membrane-bound receptors that act as signal…

Q: phospholipase C hydrolysis of PIP2 leads to activation of Protein Kinase C.

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Q: Some cancers are caused by the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKS). It is known that…

A: Cancer: The abnormal growth of cells resulted from loosing the control on cell division in cell…

Q: Identify the missing components and write their names against the numbers 1-7 given below:

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Q: Receptor, especially growth factor receptor signaling is deregulated in cancer cells, which results…

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Q: N Signal Sequence The schematic above depicts a protein with the indicated signaling sequences along…

A: Protein sorting is the process where the proteins are transported to their particular destination or…

Q: FRAP is a technique used to determine the mobility of a molecule in a membrane. Design a FRAP…

A: FRAP is a technique used to determine the mobility of a molecule in a membrane. In a typical FRAP…

Q: The hypothesis for the experiment shown in the picture  is that the TamC3 and TamR3 cell lines…

A: The experiment referring to is, exploring the function and growth of TamC3 and TamR3 cell lines in…

Q: In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface…

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Q: An SH2-containing protein contains a mutation that changes its binding pocket such that tyrosine and…

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Q: Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession…

A: An endocrine pathway occurs by the secretion of hormone  from a specific gland directly into the…

Q: Pathway divergence occurs when: signaling pathways use a common intermediate one signaling pathway…

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Q: fill in the blank A small amount of ligand can generate a large response. This is called signal…

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Q: If a cell has an excess of a subunits, what is likely to happen to signaling pathways that act…

A: Presence of more number of subunits in the receptor will further makes the signaling pathway complex…

Q: Can you please describe the role of G proteins in ligand-activated cellular signal transduction.

A: G-proteins are present as transmembrane receptors embedded in the cell membrane. The ligand molecule…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.