In polymicrobial pulmonary infection, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia secretes a compound which activates an ARG in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is an example of: - Exposure protection - Gene Mutation - Protection mediated by interspecies communication - Vulnerability due to cross feeding

Q: All of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to penetrate host defenses EXCEPT:   1.…

A: Correct answer is.. None of the other four answers (all are examples of how pathogens penetrate host…

Q: Would you predict that TLR-XX is able to recognize other types of Gram-negative bacteria, in…

A: TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play an important role in the recognition of…

Q: Some Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) recognize nucleic acids, like RNA or DNA. Since our own…

A: The immune system is an important organ system in the body that plays a role in defense against…

Q: strep throat is the presence of swollen lymph nodes in the neck. This symptom usually peaks about…

A: The bacterial infection of the throat and tonsils is caused by the group A streptococcus. They…

Q: Interferons are primarily produced in response to infection with which pathogen type? Group of…

A: Introduction :-   Interferons are synthetic analogues of proteins produced by your body. These…

Q: Shigella, Mycobacterium, and numerous other pathogens have developed mechanisms that prevent them…

A: Pathogens have developed several methods to evade the immune mechanisms of the host. Evasion of the…

Q: True or False: In non-disseminated infections, Mycobacterium species are restrained by type-1…

A: In non-disseminated infections Mycobacterium species are restrained by type-1 responses which…

Q: An example of an endogenous microorganism is: A.Fomites b.Skin bacteria present in dermatitis. c.Air…

A: The objective of the question is to identify an example of an endogenous microorganism from the…

Q: Cytokine associated with development of autism is- IFN-gamma O TNF-alpha O IL-6 O IL=1 beta

A: Cytokine These are small proteins that are involved in cell signalling. These are the components…

Q: Why is it significant that toll-like receptors (TLRs) are found on both the plasma membrane and…

A: Introduction TLRs recognize pathogens and generates an immediate defence response. Induce cytokines…

Q: Which of the following is specific to the immediate events of innate immune system inflammation?…

A: Innate immunity is the immune response that  consist of all defence elements with which an…

Q: When an antibody binds to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, it may block access of the spike protein…

A: Our immune system is  strong enough to fight with the viruses as well as bacteria. Their Prime…

Q: The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with…

A: innate system of immunity is the first defense of the body . anti microbial peptides are part of the…

Q: Over the past year we have endured the Covid-19 pandemic. Accumulating evidence suggests that the…

A: Immmune system is a very important tool for fighting off the infection. The main features of immune…

Q: Why are there so many mutations? What are the bacterial defense system differences from SARS-Cov 2…

A: Abrupt changes inside the DNA that may or may not change the amino acids sequence in a protein is…

Q: In polymicrobial pulmonary infection, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia secretes a compound which…

A: The question is asking us to identify the biological process that is being described. In this…

Q: Recent evidence points towards a global increase in cases of multi drug and total drug resistant…

A: Mycobacterium: Mycobacterium is a genus of aerobic, acid-fast, gram-positive bacteria. There are…

Q: Describe the mechanism of the classical complement pathway and discuss the critical role that the…

A: Introduction :- One of three pathways that activate the complement system, which is part of the…

Q: Which of these best describes NOD-like receptors? Most are found on the plasma membrane where they…

A: Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors  are pattern-recognition…

Q: Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?…

A: The immune system in our body is responsible for providing protection against pathogenic…

Q: What is the immunological function of a Toll-like receptor?

A: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors that serve as the body's first line of defence…

Q: Which of the following phenomena result in the observed reaction many people have to penicillin?…

A: Penicillin is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. However,…

Q: What is the effect of pertussis toxin on G proteins?     Inhibits activation of Gαi leading to…

A: The GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) is one of the very important cell signalling molecule. It is a…

Q: The "Open Window" Theory of exercise and vulnerability to illness is based on all of the following…

A: Open Window theory of exercise and vulnerability to illness describe the short term suppression of…

Q: Negative selection NK cell Positive selection Regulatory T cell Sphigosine-1-phosphate (S1P)…

A:

Q: Kinase and coagulase are important for bacterial infections because they enable bacteria to move…

A: The most common staphylococcal infections are Skin infections, often causing abscesses However, the…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to fight multicellular…

A: Immunology is a section of biology that studies molecules, cells, and organs that build up the…

Q: why does mhcI have a foreign epitome if mhcII already has one?

A: MHC stands for Major histocompatibility complex. These are the group of protein molecules that…

Q: List and explain four distinct mechanisms of innate immune responses for eliminating Gram (-)…

A: Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, including bacteria. It is a…

Q: Despite the important concerns about fatalities when infected, most people who become sick with…

A: COVID-19 is defined as a disease which is caused by a new strain of coronavirus. In the term COVID,…

Q: From the list below, select all the examples that of defense that ARE NOT considered part of the…

A: Hypersensitive Response: The hypersensitive response (HR) is a plant defense mechanism that involves…

Q: In cell culture experiments, purified B cells expressing IgM can be induced to switch to producing…

A: In experimental settings involving cell cultures, the transformation of B cells expressing IgM into…

Q: Describe several features of the recognition system of host defenses.

A: A complex network of proteins and cells that defends the body against infection is known as immune…

Q: An allergy to pollen: is a type I hypersensitivity reaction   both is a type I hypersensitivity…

A: Allergy is a chronic condition caused by an abnormal reaction to harmless substances called as…

Q: Toll-like receptors represent an ancient pathogen-recognition system. The first pattern recognition…

A: The recent advancement of science has led to the discovery of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that…

Q: Why is it beneficial to have Fc receptors on phagocytic cells?

A: A Fc receptor is a protein that is present on the surface of a number of immune system-supporting…

Q: Which of the following apply to the specific function of IL-2? OIL-2 promotes vasodilation and…

A: The immune system uses interleukin-2 (IL-2) as a type of cytokine signalling molecule. It is a…