If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with carbon-13 at the carbonyl carbon atom (shown in red below), where would the label be found in glucose? Explain, including schemes of the reactions to support your answer. 13 H3C coo®
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- If a liver extract capable of carrying out normal metabolic reactions (including gluconeogenesis) is incubated with labeled pyruvate labeled with oxygen-18 at the carboxylate oxygen atom shown, where would the label be found in glucose? Explain both in words and illustration. If any of the positions be partially labeled, indicate that clearly and explain.Hemp oil contains eicosenoic acid (20:149) as its primary monounsaturated fatty acid. Let's consider the conversion of a molecule of eicosenoic acid to B-hydroxybutyrate. 2022, 4. Arizona State University What are the f-oxidation products and how many ATP are required during activation for one molecule of lignoceric acid? Given the following, how many molecules of 6-hydroxybutyrate can be produced? COA OH COA NADH NAD+ B-hydroxybutyrate H* Based on the total NADH and FADH, available after converting lignoceric acid into ß hydroxybutyrate, what is the typical yield of ATP that can be produced in the liver? Don't forget to include any ATP required for activation steps.Draw the Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate) pathway, then identify and label the different types of organic reaction mechanisms (Sn1, Sn2, E1, or E2 reaction mechanisms). Make sure to name and draw the structures of each biomolecule included in the pathway.
- Arrange the following molecules in order of their biological energy content per mole: glucose, caproic acid (C10), sucrose (C12), myristic acid (C14) Write the structural equation for the transamination reaction that involves threonine and pyruvate as pair of reactants [provide the structure of the AA and pyruvate)Can the carbons in ketones be metabolized and wind up in a glucose monosaccharide? If yes, using merely the information presented in class, outline a possible metabolic route for these carbons. If no, explain why not.There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. Several classes of organic reactions like these classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.
- In the degradation of glycogen, the purpose of the debranching enzyme is to remove the last four glucose molecules from branches structure of glycogen. It does this by catalyzing three different reactions. Use the equations below to answer parts a-c. Synthesis of α(1,6) link ΔG = +7.1 kJ Hydrolysis of α(1,4) link ΔG = ─15.5 kJ a)What are the three chemical reactions performed during the removal of the last four glucose molecules of the branching structure of glycogen? b) Calculate ΔG for each of the three reactions described in part a. c) Now calculate the overall energy change for the net reaction carried out by this enzyme. d) Why is this reaction favorable?[AktivGrid] Draw the product of the reaction of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA (citric acid) cycle. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. rxn' F-C-H NAD+ isocitra te dehydro genase NADH, Dra H+, > Problem 5 of 12 Submit H Atoms, Bonds and Rings OH Charges CH2OH Drag To Pan CH2OH- H OH Undo Reset ―CH2OH- Remove Done ⚫SH CHO +(b) number of moles of ATP produced under aerobic glycolysis whereby pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for oxidative decarboxylation to generate acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle. Write the reac- tions for each step using words. They need not be balanced with respect to charge, protons released or consumed, and stoichiometry. Consider 2.5 ATP/NADH oxidized and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 oxidized. Enzymes need not be named. Compare the number of moles of ATP that are produced under anaerobic glycolysis to the Of the reactions producing ATP in the mitochondrion listed in part (b) above, which are not (c) influenced by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
- Draw the structures of the following coenzyme molecules: 1. CoA-SH/Acetyl-S-CoA 2. NAD*/NADH + H* • For both: Give full name (if you copy the formula from an Internet source, please cite it properly, for example, according to the Chicago Manual of Style. • Indicate what are the chemical groups that are active in these molecules, i.e., what group participates in metabolic reactions (be aware that both molecules may be involved in both anabolic and catabolic processes). • What vitamin or vitamins will, when modified, contribute to the structure of these molecules? • Write a short, general conclusion of the importance of these two coenzymes in metabolism.Myristoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid found in small amounts in a variety of foods. Calculate the net ATP yield from the complete β-oxidation of myristoleic acid. The formula of myristoleic acid is shown below (it is assumed that the total ATP production is the same for both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids having the same carbon chain length). CH3-(CH2)3-CHCH-(CH2)7-COOH (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP. ) Group of answer choices a. 96 ATP b. 92 ATP c. 94 ATP d. 34 ATP e. 36 ATP1) One key to understanding glucose metabolism is being able to follow a series of oxidation/reduction reactions. For the reactions below, which is being oxidized and which is reduced? How can you tell? Ae + B A + Be A + BH₂ → AH₂ + B CH4 + 202 CO₂ + 2H₂O 2) Identify the cellular locations for each reaction. Start general with just the 4 parts (glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, TCA cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain), then, include each of the terms in word bank (they may belong in more than one place). WORD BANK CO₂ H₂O glucose pyruvate G3P ADP NADH 0₂ ATP electrons FADH₂ acetyl-CoA NAD+ protons Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplast
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