There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. "Q HO-CH Reaction 7 CH₂ malate CH CH fumarate 0 FADH₂ Reaction 6 FAD H* + NADH NAD H₂O O CH₂ CH₂ 0 0 succinate Reaction 8 ADP o GTP O=C CH, ZO oxaloacetate H-CoA Reaction! GDP ATP acetyl-coenzyme A CH-C-COA P Н,0 Reaction 1 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle "Q =0 CH₂ CH₂ O=C H-COA COA succinyl-CoA H+ CH₂ HO-C-C CH₂ CO₂ Reaction 4 NADH 0° citrate O Reaction 2 H-COA CH₂ CH₂ 0=C NAD Reaction 3 CO₂- CH₂ CH- HO-CH 6=0 a-ketoglutarate 00 0 O isocitrate NAD H+ NADH In chapters 9 and 10, you were introduced to several classes of organic reactions. These classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.
There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. "Q HO-CH Reaction 7 CH₂ malate CH CH fumarate 0 FADH₂ Reaction 6 FAD H* + NADH NAD H₂O O CH₂ CH₂ 0 0 succinate Reaction 8 ADP o GTP O=C CH, ZO oxaloacetate H-CoA Reaction! GDP ATP acetyl-coenzyme A CH-C-COA P Н,0 Reaction 1 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle "Q =0 CH₂ CH₂ O=C H-COA COA succinyl-CoA H+ CH₂ HO-C-C CH₂ CO₂ Reaction 4 NADH 0° citrate O Reaction 2 H-COA CH₂ CH₂ 0=C NAD Reaction 3 CO₂- CH₂ CH- HO-CH 6=0 a-ketoglutarate 00 0 O isocitrate NAD H+ NADH In chapters 9 and 10, you were introduced to several classes of organic reactions. These classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.
Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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Transcribed Image Text:**The Citric Acid Cycle: An Overview**
The citric acid cycle involves eight key chemical reactions, graphically depicted in the figure above. This cycle is central to cellular respiration and energy production.
**Diagram Explanation:**
1. **Reaction 1:**
- Substrate: Acetyl-coenzyme A
- Product: Citrate
- Involves the addition of water (H₂O) and release of coenzyme A (CoA).
2. **Reaction 2:**
- Substrate: Citrate
- Product: Isocitrate
- A rearrangement reaction.
3. **Reaction 3:**
- Substrate: Isocitrate
- Products: α-Ketoglutarate, CO₂
- Converts NAD⁺ to NADH and releases a proton (H⁺).
4. **Reaction 4:**
- Substrate: α-Ketoglutarate
- Products: Succinyl-CoA, CO₂
- Converts NAD⁺ to NADH.
5. **Reaction 5:**
- Substrate: Succinyl-CoA
- Products: Succinate, CoA
- Converts GDP to GTP, which is then converted to ATP, and releases an inorganic phosphate (Pᵢ).
6. **Reaction 6:**
- Substrate: Succinate
- Product: Fumarate
- Converts FAD to FADH₂.
7. **Reaction 7:**
- Substrate: Fumarate
- Product: Malate
- Involves the addition of water (H₂O).
8. **Reaction 8:**
- Substrate: Malate
- Product: Oxaloacetate
- Converts NAD⁺ to NADH, releasing a proton (H⁺).
**Associated Reactions:**
The image highlights important redox reactions and decarboxylation steps crucial to the cycle's role in metabolism.
**Learning Task:**
Reflect on organic reactions such as esterification, decarboxylation, and oxidation. Identify examples of these classes within the citric acid cycle, and describe the classification criteria and reasoning for your selections.
Expert Solution
Step 1
Cellular respiration is the process how biochemical energy is generated from food. It involves the following: glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Pyruvate generated during glycolysis is converted to acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate to produce citrate by the help of an enzyme citrate synthase. Hence the name citric acid cycle.
Citric acid cycle occurs in mitochondria.
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