Horse coat color is controlled by many genes, including extension and cream. The extensions gene, E, determines pigment col E-, representing either Ee or EE, produces a bay coat, and ee produces a red coat. The cream gene, Cr, is incomplete dominan and functions by decreasing the intensity of the E color phenotype. The crcr genotype does not alter the red or bay phenotype. However, the Crcr genotype changes red into palomino and bay into buckskin. This is called a single dilute. The CrCr genotyp alters red into cremello and bay into perlino. This is called a double dilute. Suppose two buckskin horses, each with the Ee Crcr genotype, are crossed. Use the forked-line (branched diagram) method to determine the proportion of each phenotype and each genotype in the next generation. Each proportion may be used more than once or not at all. Ee Crcr X Ee Crcr 3/8 3/4 1/16 E-Bay ee Red 1/2 Answer Bank 9/16 crcr Crcr CrCr crcr Crcr CrCr 1/4 3/16 Bay Buckskin Perlino Red Palomino Cremello 1/8

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Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.