Hemoglobin – Answer 1 question from this block. 8. Lack of 2,3-BPG can be deadly. A) What is 2,3-BPG? How is it produced and why does hemoglobin need 2,3- BPG? B) Under what physiological conditions are blood levels of 2,3-BPG elevated? C) How does an increased level of 2,3-BPG help our bodies compensate through crises of a low availability of external oxygen? Highlight the action of 2,3-BPG on hemoglobin in your answer.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
![**Hemoglobin – Answer 1 question from this block.**
8. Lack of 2,3-BPG can be deadly.
A) What is 2,3-BPG? How is it produced and why does hemoglobin need 2,3-BPG?
B) Under what physiological conditions are blood levels of 2,3-BPG elevated?
C) How does an increased level of 2,3-BPG help our bodies compensate through crises of a low availability of external oxygen? Highlight the action of 2,3-BPG on hemoglobin in your answer.
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**Diagram Explanation:**
The graph provided plots the partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) in kilopascals (kPa) against the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin (Y). There are three curves representing different concentrations of 2,3-BPG:
1. **Black Curve (BPG = 0 mM):** This shows the highest affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, meaning oxygen binds strongly to hemoglobin.
2. **Green Curve (BPG = 5 mM at sea level):** This represents the typical physiological condition, with a moderate binding affinity.
3. **Blue Curve (BPG = 8 mM at high altitudes, 4,500 m):** This illustrates a lower affinity for oxygen, indicating that hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues.
Vertical lines indicate oxygen partial pressures in tissues and lungs at sea level and high altitudes:
- **pO₂ in tissues (~4 kPa)**
- **pO₂ in lungs at 4,500 m (~7 kPa)**
- **pO₂ in lungs at sea level (~13 kPa)**
The graph shows that as 2,3-BPG levels increase, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen decreases, facilitating oxygen release to tissues.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Febf69e27-3b27-4f98-a09a-8579a8586d1c%2F9e4fae13-09e7-434b-9053-90e5d79bb4f4%2Ffkqr9tk_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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