Graded potentials in neurons: Question 5 options: a. Graded potentials that result from an influx of chloride ions are always hyperpolarizing. b. Graded potentials can undergo both spatial and temporal summation. c. The initiation of a graded potential can only occur after the cell membrane depolarizes to threshold (about -55 mV). d. Both a) and b) are correct and c) is incorrect e. Statements a), b) and c) are all correct

Graded potentials in neurons: Question 5 options: a. Graded potentials that result from an influx of chloride ions are always hyperpolarizing. b. Graded potentials can undergo both spatial and temporal summation. c. The initiation of a graded potential can only occur after the cell membrane depolarizes to threshold (about -55 mV). d. Both a) and b) are correct and c) is incorrect e. Statements a), b) and c) are all correct

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter4: Principles Of Neural And Hormonal Communication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17RE

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which of the following would be true (more than one can be true)? a) summation of A and X would reach threshold b) summation of C and A would be a graded potential c) stimulation by A would depolarize cell d) stimulation by B would be a subthreshold depolarization e) summation of B and C would be a graded potential with the net value of 12 mV depolarization
Choose the correct answer: A) When the voltage gated K+ channels open K+ moves down its concentration gradient from the ECF to inside the cell. O B) The value for resting membrane potential is closer to the EK+ (Equilibrium potential for K+) than the ENa+ O C) When the membrane potential is at rest the membrane is more permeable to Na+ than it is to K+ O D) Closing of the voltage-gated Na+ channels increases the permeability of the membrane to Na+
1) A drug was added to a cell with a resting membrane potential = -12mV. When added, the drug caused depolarization of membrane potential to -8 mV. Multiple answers: Which of the following could have caused this change? Choose the best answers, all of which should be biological important/realistic mechanisms. a)Blockage of leak channels for potassium could have occurred b)Blockage of voltage-gated channels for potassium could have occurred c)Blockage of ligand-gated channels for potassium could have occurred d)Blockage of leak channels for sodium could have occurred e)Blockage of voltage-gated channels for sodium could have occurred f)Blockage of ligand-gated channels for sodium could have occurred g)Inhibition of the electrogenic function of the sodium-ATPase pump h)An action potential occurred I)The membrane had no potential energy to do work 2) Multiple answers: Which area(s) of a bipolar neuron has a high density of leak channels for sodium and potassium?…
3) Neurons cannot respond during the absolute refractory period because: a) the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+ are reversed. b) the cell is below its normal resting membrane potential. c) voltage-gated Na+ channel activation gates are closed. d) voltage-gated Na+ channel inactivation gates are closed.
Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis
Discuss the importance of threshold. How does this relate to the concept of APs being all or none? Can I get help on this specific question?
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The resting membrane potential…A) Can be approximated using the Nernst equation.B) Is established by a difference in charges across the cell membrane, with the inside more positive than the outside.C) Has no influence on the driving force for flow of a particular ion across the cell membrane.D) Is more dependent on the passive flow of potassium vs. sodium ions through leak channels across the cell membrane.E) Stays the same during an action potential.
a) Explain in detail what is occurring at stage A in the graph. (Be specific in terms of what's happening to the ion channels in your explanation if necessary!) b) What does this graph represent as a whole? Explain the main idea it portrays. +40| -70- A 1 2 4 Time/ms Potential Difference/mV B
Give a detailed, step-by-step description of the stages of an action potential, including a description of and explanation for the refractory periods and the rising and falling phases as well as return to rest. In your explanation, make sure to include 1) summation principles, 2) key membrane potentials (values), 3) location of voltage changes along the membrane, 4) states of the various voltage-gated channels. The more detail, the better. There are 5 main steps.
The differences in relative concentrations of ions inside and outside the cell act as an electrical force. The specific ion(s) MOST important to establishing the resting potential in neurons would be Multiple Choice a) Na+. b) K+. c) intracellular anions (e.g., proteins). d) H+. e) Na+, K+, and intracellular anions are all important.
Match each type of membrane potential (resting, threshold, graded, or action) to its definition: a) The membrane potential at which voltage gated sodium channels open. b) The membrane potential that triggers the action potential. c) Change in membrane potential that may or may not reach threshold and that may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing. d) Rapid, strong depolarization followed by immediate repolarization. This potential is self-renewing if the right ion channels are nearby.

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	a. Graded potentials that result from an influx of chloride ions are always hyperpolarizing.
	b. Graded potentials can undergo both spatial and temporal summation.
	c. The initiation of a graded potential can only occur after the cell membrane depolarizes to threshold (about -55 mV).
	d. Both a) and b) are correct and c) is incorrect
	e. Statements a), b) and c) are all correct