Example 2: Multiple Sclerosis and Sunlight It is believed that sunlight offers some protection against multiple sclerosis, but the reason is unknown. Is it the vitamin D, the UV light, or something else? In an experiment, mice were injected with a substance to give them MS and were randomly assigned to either a control group (with no treatment), a group that received vitamin D supplements, or a group that got exposed regularly to UV light. The scientists found that mice exposed to UV-light were significantly less likely to get MS than the control mice, but that vitamin D did not seem to reduce the likelihood of getting MS compared to the control group. For these two tests, one of the p-values was 0.470 and one was 0.002. Which p-value goes with which test? Also, for each test, indicate whether we “Reject H0” or “Do not reject H0”. p-value =0.470 : p-value=0.002 :
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
Example 2: Multiple Sclerosis and Sunlight
It is believed that sunlight offers some protection against multiple sclerosis, but the reason is unknown. Is it the vitamin D, the UV light, or something else? In an experiment, mice were injected with a substance to give them MS and were randomly assigned to either a control group (with no treatment), a group that received vitamin D supplements, or a group that got exposed regularly to UV light. The scientists found that mice exposed to UV-light were significantly less likely to get MS than the control mice, but that vitamin D did not seem to reduce the likelihood of getting MS compared to the control group. For these two tests, one of the p-values was 0.470 and one was 0.002. Which p-value goes with which test? Also, for each test, indicate whether we “Reject H0” or “Do not reject H0”.
p-value =0.470 :
p-value=0.002 :
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