E2F Inactive complex Rb PO,- Phosphorylation of Rb by cyclin- dependent protein kinases causes it to dissociate from E2F. E2F transcription factor Active Target gene transcription occurs when E2F binds to DNA. Target gene Cancer-causing mutations that eliminate Rb function allow E2F to stay in this active state. FIGURE 25.14 Interactions between the Rb and E2F proteins. The binding of the Rb protein to the transcription factor E2F inhibits the ability of E2F to function. This prevents cell division. For cell division to occur, cyclins bind to cyclin-dependent protein kinases, which then phosphorylate the Rb protein. The phosphorylated Rb protein is released from E2F. The free form of E2F can activate target genes needed to progress through the cell cycle.

Q: Explain what a lysogen is.

A: Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms that are found in nearly every environment on Earth,…

Q: Cyclin D/cdk 4,6 inhibits retinoblastoma protein (Rb) binding to...., which ultimately affects gene…

A: Mutation in RB1 gene causes retinoblastoma. Due to this mutation cell is unable to control growth.…

Q: What are the causes of thrombophilia? Describe the laboratory tests that are used to confirm the…

A: A brief explanation is given below.

Q: What is a regenerative FGD process?

A: Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) is a set of technologies that is used to remove sulfur dioxide from…

Q: What is a Biomarker?

A: Biomarkers or biological markers are the measurements of processes taking place inside the cells.…

Q: Describe the effector system (the cell-killing mechanism) usedby Tc cells.

A: Immune system protects the body against infection. It is a complex network of cells and proteins.…

Q: Why is the agglutination seen in Rh finer than that seen in groups A and B?

A: If you have blood group test if the blood is showing agglutination  then It is RH positive and if…

Q: Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides…

A: B cells Immunity is the ability to fight disease ad this is done by the generation of immune…

Q: How and why do B cells undergo a class switch from producing IgM antibodies to any of the other Ig…

A: Class exchanging happens after initiation of a develop B cell through its layer bound neutralizer…

Q: Why is the precise timing of recombination events critical during B and T cell development?.

A: B and T cell development is the complex biological process through which precursor cells mature into…

Q: Are p granules morphogens? If not, What distinguishes them from BMP and other morphogens?

A: Morphogens are characterized as locally generated signaling molecules which operate and spread over…

Q: What accounts for the change in a B cell’s ability to bind antigen?

A: B cells are also known as B lymphocytes are special types of blood cells which belong to the group…

Q: Describé combination in develőpment ôf cell. Inclüde in your description the roles of RSS, RAG-1 and…

A: Answer :: Recombination activating gene (RAG) products are required for the rearrangement of antigen…

Q: Part A and B A. What is the normal function of the Rb protein? A) Rb prevents the cell cycle from…

A: Answer A) Rb is Retinoblastoma protein which is a tumor suppressor protein and belongs to pocket…

Q: Explain the role of isotype exclusion in pro-B cells.

A: Introduction:- In a given lymphocyte, either κ or λ light (L) chain, but not both, can combine with…

Q: Explain why IC3 is able to stop cancerous cells from dividing ?

A: Tumor-suppressor proteins are those proteins that normally act to stop abnormal cell growth. But…

Q: Mutations in the RB gene are often associated with cancer. Explain how a mutation that results in a…

A: The cell cycle is the series of stages that allow the cell to pass from one cell division to…

Q: how can allergen(a) responsible be identified

A: Here we have to discuss that how responsible allergen will be identified?

Q: How could premature separation of centromeres cause the problems seen in RBS?

A: Robert syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by limb malformation and…

Q: List the steps of MHC class I peptide formation and assembly.

A: Introduction: Membrane-bound glycoproteins that are closely linked to one another in terms of both…

Q: What would happen if the retinoblastoma protein wasn't able to bind to the E2F transcription factor?

A: The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is a tumor suppressor protein that helps to prevent excessive cell…

Q: difference between cytoplasmic determinants and induction?

A: A process in which cell can influence the fate of development of other cell is known as induction…

Q: Explain how hematopoietic stem cells were experimentally shown to be both multipotent and capable of…

A: Answer: Introduction: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent, self-renewing progenitor…

Q: Match the stage of B cell development with the rearrangement or expression of immunoglobulin genes.…

A: B cell development begins in the fetal liver and continues in the bone marrow throughout our lives.…

Q: In B cells, what mechanism ensures that only rearranged V genes are transcribed?

A: A gene (from genos (Greek) which means generation or birth or sex) is a basic unit of heredity and a…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: a) How does Venetoclax, a BH3 mimetic, function in increasing cellular death? In your answer make…

A: Venetoclax attaches to a protein called Bcl-2. This protein is present in high amounts in CLL cancer…

Q: Why is DNA testing used for a patient with sickle cell anemia

A: Sickle cell anemia follow autosomal recessive inheritance.

Q: Why Somatic Hyper Mutation takes place in B-Cells only and not in T-Cells?

A: Mechanism by which the immune system adapts to new foreign elements during class switching involving…

Q: trigger

A: The process of programmed cell death is called apoptosis. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of…

Q: the correct amount that can be resolved from the TLC?

A: There are apperenttly 8 Isomers of ketohexoses which are D-Fructose, D-tagatose, D-psicose, and…

Q: Which of the following most closely depicts the order of the RAS-RAF pathway in mutated cells?…

A: The RAS-RAF pathway is a signaling pathway involved in the regulation of cell growth and…

Q: shows the directed migration of two immune cell types, neutrophils (red) and macrophages (green) to…

A: Immune cells are the sort of cells that emerge from stem cells in the bone marrow and mature into…

Q: List the steps of MHC class II peptide formation and assembly.

A: MHC promotes the preferred presentation of peptides with high affinities for binding, peptide…

Q: What are two types of long-lived cells derived from the B cell lineage? Where are these cells…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that helps the immune system fight foreign invaders including…

Q: Can a mature B Cell produce an epitope-specific antibody first and then switch to make an antibody…

A: Since we only answer one question at a time, therefore, we are answering the first question listed…

Q: Will the lysozyme used to lyse cells cut B-galactosidase?

A: Enzymes function by attaching to particular molecules—referred to as substrates—and enabling the…

Q: who can receive from a b- donor?

A: Ans. A person who willingly donates blood to help save lives or fund medical procedures is known as…

Q: Which person type O, A, B, or AB is considered a universal donor, and which is a universal…

A: Universal donor is the person who can give blood to any individual & universal recipient can…

Q: Why do Tbx5 mutations affect limbs and heart but no other tissues?

A: Introduction Mutation can be defined as the change in the DNA sequence or a structural change in the…

Q: Dr. Martin said a donor with type B- could donate blood to an AB+ recipient. AB+ is a universal cell…

A: It is the rupturing of red blood cells and the release of their contents into surrounding fluid.

Tissue regeneration & repair

Tissue regeneration involves the restoration of tissue components by regrowth of damaged tissues. In contrast, tissue repair involves patching of injured tissue rather than restoring it. It is the proliferative capacity of the cells that decides the amount of regeneration against the repair that would occur in the tissue. Both regeneration and repair depending on the duration of the injury and response to the inflammation.