e) 4) Identify the type of glycosidic bond for each of the following sugars. Choose from a-(1-2), a-(1-3), a-(1-4), a-(1-5), a-(1-6), B-(1-2), B-(13), B-(1-4), B-(15), B-(1-6), or a,B-(142) a) H HO b) H HO CH.OH H H OH N К CH OH H OH Н ОН Н CH₂OH 0 H Он Н Ю CH OH H O H -0 ОН H XAX 0 Н H Н H OH O Н Н OH ОН н HO H O H H 0 H H OH CH₂ H ОН CH₂OH H CHOH H Н OH ОН H H ·-0 H OH H O ОН H H Н -О НО X 0 0 " OH 1 H CH₂OH d) H 0 H . CH OH ОН H OH Н Н H HO 6 HOCH₂ OH H ОН Н CH OH 5 H OH 3 Н H 4 H OH 0 Н 2 OH HO 3 Н *** 1 H AL CH OH
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
![**4) Identify the type of glycosidic bond for each of the following sugars. Choose from: α(1→2), α(1→3), α(1→4), α(1→5), α(1→6), β(1→2), β(1→3), β(1→4), β(1→5), β(1→6), or α,β(1→2):**
a)
[Diagram of two monosaccharide units connected by a glycosidic bond, with carbon and hydroxyl groups shown.]
b)
[Diagram shows two monosaccharide rings connected, each with different orientations of hydroxyl groups, indicating the type of glycosidic linkage.]
c)
[This diagram presents another structure with specific orientations of hydroxyl groups and glycosidic bonding between two sugar units.]
d)
[A sugar structure with a five-membered ring and various hydroxyl and methoxyl groups, depicting the glycosidic connectivity.]
e)
[Complex sugar structure with multiple rings and glycosidic links, showing detailed positioning of hydroxyl groups.]
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**5) Determine the number of chiral carbons in the following structures, and how many stereoisomers are possible.**
a)
[Chemical structure of a compound with a chlorine atom and various substituents. Identify chiral centers.]
b)
[Aromatic compound structure with multiple rings and a chlorine atom, requiring determination of chiral centers and stereoisomers.]
[Note: Specific atom positions and connectivity can influence the identification of chiral centers, affecting stereochemistry calculations.]
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*Explanation of Structural Diagrams:*
- Each diagram represents the molecular structure of sugars, showcasing various types of glycosidic bonds through oxygen bridges.
- Different hydroxyl (OH) group orientations indicate whether a bond is alpha or beta.
- Stereochemistry is determined by the arrangement of atoms around chiral centers, affecting the number of possible stereoisomers, which is calculated as \(2^n\) (where \(n\) is the number of chiral centers).](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F7f620a2f-ffc3-4d5e-9c3b-9c8f83ac741a%2F1abc48a2-43b4-4a97-bbf1-94793661d443%2Fjwup2m8_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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