Draw the per-unit impedance diagram of the network shown in Fig. 1, calculated to a common base of 100 MVA. Determine: (i) (ii) The rms fault current (in kA) and the fault level (in MVA) for a three-phase symmetrical sh circuit fault at bus no. 6. The rms fault current (in kA) and the fault level (in MVA) for a three-phase symmetrical sh circuit fault at bus no. 2. T₁ 132kV/33kV 80 MVA X-0.12 pu bus 2 Load 30 km X-0.4 02/km bus 4 T₁ 33kV/11kV 12 MVA X-0.08 pu bus 5 Load bus 1 1800 MVA Fault Level T₂ 132kV/33kV 80 MVA X-0.12 pu Load Load 12 km X-0.24 0/km T₁ 132kV/11kV 60 MVA X-0.1 pu bus 3 20 km X-0.24 02/km Load bus 6

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Fault Analysis

In an electrical engineering system, a fault is an abnormal electric current flowing through the system, and fault analysis is the study of these faults. For instance, a short-circuit is a fault where the live wire touches the ground or neutral wire. If a circuit is interrupted by a failure of a current-carrying wire then an open circuit fault occurs. The open-circuit faults are also called series faults. One or more phases or ground may be involved in a three-phase fault or may occur only between two phases. Current flows into the earth in case of a ground fault or earth fault. For most situations, the prospective short circuit current of a fault that is predictable can be calculated. To limit the loss of service because of a failure, the protective devices can detect fault conditions and operate circuit breakers and also other devices. All phases equally can be affected in a poly-phase system which is known as symmetric electrical fault. The asymmetric fault becomes more complicated to analyze if only some phases are affected. By using methods such as symmetrical components, the power system analysis of these types of faults is often simplified. The main objective of power system protection is to design, detect, and interrupt power system faults.