do selective pressures cause mutations? Yes or no, and please explain. What is the relationship between genetic variation and selective pressures such as antibiotics (penicillin)? What structural effect does Penicillin have on the peptidoglycan layer? What exactly happens to the layer when exposed to Penicillin and why does it work?
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do selective pressures cause mutations? Yes or no, and please explain. What is the relationship between
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- In the: A mutated TBP protein Explain: (a) What is the process affected? (b) What is the Effect on the process? (c) Does it affect prokaryotes, eukaryotes or both?Which of the following statements are true regarding the metabolome, the proteome, the genome, and the transcriptome? The number of genes found in the genome equals the number of different proteins that can be made within any give cell. The number of transcription products equals the number of proteins that can be made from these transcription products. The number of genes found in the genome equals the number of different transcription products that can be made within any given cell. The metabolome is encoded by the genome. None of the above.The Biofuels industry is interested in engineering bacteria so that they may produce fuels such as ethanol. In one such study, scientists generated a strain of E coli in which they deleted the rpos gene from the strain of E coli. This deletion substantially enhance the production of ethanol. Explain the normal function of rpoS and why its deletion might improve ethanol production (limit 5-6 sentences)? Effect rpoS Deletion on EtOH Production [EtOH] g/L 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 5 10 Time (hr) 15 20 -rpos(+) -rpos(-)
- What are the similarities and differences between DNA Polymerase and RNA polymerase? Explain the process of how the Lactose operon functions in the presence of lactose, glucose, both, and without lactose. Explain the process of how the Tryptophan operon functions in the presence of tryptophan and in the absence of tryptophan. What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer among prokaryotes? How do these three types of horizontal gene transfer work? What are restriction endonucleases, restriction fragments, & explain the general premise behind Recombinant DNA technology. Describe: STR’s, Mitotyping, & SNP’s in relation to DNA profiling What are Transgenic or Genetically Modified Organisms? Provide examples using herbicide tolerance and pest resistance.In the: Mutation of the template gene such that an ACC was converted to ATC. Explain: (a) What is the process affected? (b) What is the Effect on the process? (c) Does it affect prokaryotes, eukaryotes or both?In the presence of cephalosphorin, what will be the protein product of the prokaryotic cell gene shown below? 5'-CATGTCAGTAAGGCATCT-3' (Assume this is a segment of a larger structural gene that will be translated into protein in its entirety.)
- The human intestinal tract is home to a vast, diverse microbial community. The bacteria that comprise this microbial community serve a number of important, beneficial functions. However, some bacterial species have been suggested to play a role in certain forms of cancer. One such bacteria is Fusobacterium nucleatum (i.e., F. nucleatum). Investigators wishing to study the role of F. nucleatum in colorectal cancer developed a new assay for detecting these bacteria in tumor tissue. In controlled experiments, the test was highly sensitive in detecting F. nucleatum and also had high specificity. To examine consistency in their test findings, the investigators also conducted repeat tests in 50 tissue samples. From these repeat tests, the investigators observed that the overall number of samples in which F. nucleatum was detected was almost identical (10 out of 50 on the first test vs. 11 out of 50 on the repeat test); for 9 samples, F. nucleatum was detected on both the initial and the…Scientists IPed a mutant version of KDM3A with serine 264 altered to aspartic acid (dubbed S/D mutation). They IPed S/D in cells that had not been subjected to heat shock (HS-) or heat shock (HS+). 1) what is the purpose of mutating serine-264 to alanine? 2) what conclusions can scientists make based on results of lane5 and lane 6?A gene contains the sequence CGCATACGGTAC that results in the amino acid sequence arg-ile-arq- tyr. A mutation in this gene has a G inserted after the second C in the strand. How will this mutation affect the phenotype? A)This will affect the phenotype because although most of the protein will be identical, the first amino acid will be different. B)This will not affect the phenotype because only the second amino acid is different from the original protein. C)This will not affect the phenotype because the protein will be identical to the original protein. D)This will affect the phenotype because all of the amino acids after the first one will be different from the original protein.
- Salmonella enterica can grow on the lipid breakdown product ethanolamine as a sole carbon and nitrogen source. Ethanolamine is abundant in the mammalian gut, especially during inflammation. You hypothesize that S. enterica has genes encoding a pathway specifically required for growth on ethanolamine. Design a mutant hunt that would allow you to identify Salmonella genes necessary for growth on ethanolamine, and state: • the method of mutagenesis you will use (and why) • are you using a screen, a selection, and/or an enrichment to identify relevant mutants? • the independent and dependent variables • both positive and negative controls • potential outcomes of your experiment, and how you will interpret themb. Neurospora has an arginine amino acid synthesis pathway shown below: ornithine citrulline arginine NH H2N H2N OH H2N HO HO NH2 NH2 ÑH2 Enzyme A Enzyme B Enzyme C ↑ ↑ Gene A Gene B Gene C Suppose I have a neurospora strain that has a mutation such that it will not grow unless I supplement the media (food) with arginine (but not with citrulline or ornithine). What gene is mutated? Explain your reasoning. C. Suppose I take the strain above that only grows with arginine supplements and cross it to a different mutant Neurospora strain that grows with arginine and citrulline supplements but not ornithine supplements. Assming genes A, B and C are unlinked and there is only one mutation per strain: i) What percentage of the progeny will grow on ornithine? ii) What percentage on citrulline? iii) What percentage on arginine? Show your work for i), ii) and iii). |The previously accepted model of the chloramphenicol action was that it inhibited all ribosomes equally. Why were the authors of the Marks, 2016 paper skeptical of this model? Choose all that are correct. Because they had observed that certain bacteria were resistant to chloramphenicol, and this proves that chloramphenicol stalls ribosomes at certain sites within those bacteria. Because certain MRNA templates had been observed to be inhibited by chloramphenicol more strongly than others Because chloramphenicol induces expression of chloramphenicol resistance proteins through translational arrest at specific codons in the leader ORFS of chloramphenicol resistance genes, which suggests there is preferential stalling at certain sites. Because chloramphenicol induces expression of chloramphenicol resistance proteins - therefore, these proteins must be able to be translated during chloramphenicol treatment. Because chloramphenicol binds the decoding center of the 30S subunit, and there are…
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