Control plate Test plates Bacteria requiring Bacteria requiring histidine for histidine for growth (His-) growth (His-) Glucose-salts Glucose-salts agar (lacks histidine) agar Liquid without suspected mutagen Liquid containing suspected mutagen Incubation Incubation If chemical is not a mutagen Most remain His- and do not grow If chemical is Spontaneous Hist revertants Many Hist revertant colonies a mutagen Few colonies form. Many colonies form. Few colonies form. FIGURE 8.16 Ames Test to Screen for Mutagens A control plate determines the spontaneous rate of reversion to Hist. If the chemical tested is a mutagen, it will increase the rate of Hist reversion mutations.

Q: One can synthesize RNA from any gene in a test tube (in vitro). You want to synthesize mRNA from a…

A: Translation is a heterocatalytic action of DNA by means of which RNA is synthesize from specific DNA…

Q: What is a mutagen? Name two common mutagens andtheir effects on DNA

A: The cells are basic structural and functional units of life. The human body contains many types of…

Q: What is the name of the DNA duplication process? What is the main enzyme that participates in it?

A: Every living cell divides to form multiple cells. During this division process, there is another…

Q: You are studying a human gene, and try to express the protein in E. coli bacterial cells. To do…

A: Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of a biological entity. Cloning can…

Q: Describe two features that are characteristic of the action of restriction endonucleases. How do…

A: Restriction endonucleases are found in almost every prokaryotic organism. The primary biological…

Q: What is a forward genetic screen?

A: Genetics is a division of biology that includes study of heredity, genes and genetic variation.…

Q: discuss what is mutagenesis and what mechanisms are invloved?

A: Mutagenesis : It is the process by which an organism's deoxyribonucleic acid change , resulting in a…

Q: What is a non replicative conservative transposon?

A: Transposons are the DNA segment that is known to move from one location to another within a genome.…

Q: Describe how the Ames test screens for potential environmental mutagens. Why is it thought that a…

A: Ames test is a biological assay to estimate the ability of a chemical compound to cause mutation.…

Q: What is a fusion protein? How are fusion proteins involved in cloning and expression?

A: Cloning is considered as the process, during which either naturally or artificially the production…

Q: How can we estimate the age of a mutation?

A: Mutation is defined as sudden inheritable change that occurs in the DNA sequence. Mutation occurs…

Q: Do you consider TEs to be mutagens? Explain.

A: Mutation is defined as sudden inheritable change that occurs in the DNA sequence. Mutation occurs…

Q: What mutations are possible in gene ZFPM2?

A: ZFPM 2 is a multi zinc finger protein. It helps in transcription regulation of certain genes by…

Q: What is the difference between a transition and a transversion? Which type of base substitution is…

A: There are two different types of mutations with DNA substitutions seen in nature.  These are of two…

Q: What is the job of the restriction enzyme?

A: In the year 1963 the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in E. coli…

Q: ain A: wild type........ .CT value of 15 ain B: has mutation X in the promoter region........CT…

A: Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, also called RT-qPCR, is a molecular…

Q: How is methylation protective against restriction endonucleases?

A: DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism where a methyl group is transfered onto C5 position of…

Q: What are the common causes of failed genomic DNA extraction in bacterial cells?

A: DNA extraction is the process by which desirable DNA can be extracted from a particular cell.

Q: After comparing the whole genome sequencing results from a candidate that you suspect has a mutation…

A: A missense mutation is a type of genetic mutation that results in the substitution of one nucleotide…

Q: What is the purpose of the MCS or the multicloning site?

A: Plasmids are the extrachromosomal, circular, autonomously replicating DNA present in the prokaryotic…

Q: What is the function of a pseudogene? Why do pseudogenes exist?

A: A gene is a term that refers to the specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)…

Q: ld telomerase inhibitors be used to treat cancer?

A: Telomerase, also known as  terminal transferase can be described  as the  ribonucleoprotein that…

Q: What are some of the enzymes taking part in recombination in E. coli and what roles do they play?

A: Following are some of the enzymes that taking part in the recombination in E coli

Q: What are the operon fusion and the gene fusion? How can they be used for studying gene expression in…

A: Fusion gene is a hybrid gene formed from two previously independent genes or ORFs (Open Reading…

Q: What are two factors that will determine the frequency at which a restriction endonuclease cleaves…

A: Restriction enzymes are the type of enzyme that is used to cleave the DNA during the molecular…

Q: Which of the following types of physical mutagens produces thymine dimmer mutations? A- gamma rays…

A: Given:       Physical mutagens produces thymine dimmer mutations.

Q: How is telomerases related to ageing? How Can telomerase- related ageing be addressed…

A: Humans lose physiological and psychological function as they age, which is a normal process. The…

Q: How to incorporate prokaryotic gene into eukaryotic cell to make an transgenic organism?In this case…

A: Transformation is a technique used to incorporate foreign DNA into a target organism. In this case,…

Q: What does it mean if a restriction enzyme produces ‘sticky’ or ‘blunt’ ends? Does the restriction…

A: The sticky or blunt ends refers to the edges of DNA molecules. The sticky ends tend to overlap to…

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