Consider the following reaction sequence. glucose 1-phosphate + UTP UDP-glucose +-0- UDP-glucose + (glucose), UDP + (glucose),1 Which of the following characterizes this process? O consumes energy O all of these O anabolic O a step in gluconeogenesis
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
![### Glucose Metabolism: Reaction Sequence
Consider the following reaction sequence:
\[ \text{glucose 1-phosphate} + \text{UTP} \rightarrow \text{UDP-glucose} + \text{pyrophosphate} \]
\[ \text{UDP-glucose} + (\text{glucose})_n \rightarrow \text{UDP} + (\text{glucose})_{n+1} \]
### Question:
Which of the following characterizes this process?
- \(\bigcirc\) consumes energy
- \(\bigcirc\) all of these
- \(\bigcirc\) anabolic
- \(\bigcirc\) a step in gluconeogenesis
### Explanation:
In this reaction sequence, glucose 1-phosphate interacts with UTP (Uridine Triphosphate) to form UDP-glucose (Uridine Diphosphate glucose) and pyrophosphate (inorganic phosphate group). UDP-glucose then adds to an existing glucose chain (\( (\text{glucose})_n \)), elongating it by one glucose unit (\((\text{glucose})_{n+1}\)) and releasing UDP.
**Terms Explained:**
- **Consumes energy:** This process requires energy input, primarily from UTP, to form the UDP-glucose.
- **All of these:** This option suggests that the process is energy-consuming, anabolic, and a step in gluconeogenesis.
- **Anabolic:** This implies that the process involves building larger molecules (in this case, glycogen or glucose chains) from smaller units (UDP-glucose).
- **A step in gluconeogenesis:** Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate substrates. The process described is more closely associated with glycogenesis (formation of glycogen) rather than gluconeogenesis.
This sequence is an essential part of the metabolism of glucose, primarily associated with the biosynthesis of glycogen. This is an anabolic process that consumes energy in the form of UTP and is involved in the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F977a7d5b-612c-4a78-bbf9-0692c187c4ca%2F5409d5f4-8574-4297-9bbe-fe47c4aae6b6%2Fd7wqt4f_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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