Clinical Trials Researchers at Yale University conduct a wide variety of clinical trials by using subjects who volunteer after reading advertisements soliciting paid volunteers.
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Clinical Trials Researchers at Yale University conduct a wide variety of clinical trials by using subjects who volunteer after reading advertisements soliciting paid volunteers.
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- A more recent study involved 124 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is an early sign of dementia. Four years after their diagnoses, they were brought in for medical and cognitive exams. Some of the patients' conditions had progressed to Alzheimer's disease. After blood tests, it was learned that those with Alzheimer's had 51% less caffeine in their blood. Part A: What type of study is this? Experimental Observational Part B: What is the explanatory variable in this study? Alzheimer's disease Caffeine level Part C: What is the response variable? Alzheimer's disease O Caffeine levelAs men age, their testosterone levels gradually decrease. This may cause a reduction in energy, an increase in fat, and other undesirable changes. Do testosterone supplements reverse some of these effects? A study in the Netherlands assigned 237 men aged 60 to 80 with low or low-normal testosterone levels to either a testosterone supplement or a placebo. Why is it necessary to include a control group in this experiment? Every experiment needs a control group in order to make proper comparisons between treatments. A control group is necessary to balance the effects of other variables among the treatment groups. A control group is necessary so any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. A control group helps avoid confounding and reduces variability in the response variable. A control group is used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments.In a number of pharmaceutical studies volunteers who take placebos but they are told they have taken a cold remedy report the following side effects head ache 25%, drowsiness 7%, stomach upset 4%, no side effects 84%.a random sample of 250 people who were given a placebo but who thought they have taken an anti inflammatory reported whether they had experienced each of the side effects. Do the data presented in the table provide enough evidence to infer that the reported side effects of placebo for an anti inflammatory differ from that of a cold remedy? Use 10% significance level. Side effects number of people Headache 10 Drowsiness 19 Stomach upset 6 No side effect 215
- Coughlin et al. (A-9) examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non- Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. Marital Status Currently Married Divorced or Separated Widowed Never Married or Living As an Unmarried Couple Hispanic 319 130 88 41 Non-Hispanic 738 329 402 95 (a) We select at random a subject who divorced or separated? ect who ha Total 1057 459 490 136 Total 578 1564 2142 Source: Steven S. Coughlin, Robert J. Uhler, Thomas Richards, and Katherine M. Wilson, "Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening Practices Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women Residing Near the United States-Mexico Border, 1999-2000," Family…Cat Ownership and Schizophrenia Could owning a cat as a child be related to mental illness later in life? Toxoplasmosis is a disease transmitted primarily through contact with cat feces, and has recently been linked with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Also, people infected with Toxoplasmosis tend to like cats more and are 2.5 times more likely to get in a car accident, due to delayed reaction times. The CDC estimates that about 22.5% of Americans are infected with Toxoplasmosis (most have no symptoms), and this prevalence can be as high as 95 % in other parts of the world. A study' randomly selected 262 people registered with the National Alliance for the Mentally III (NAMI), almost all of whom had schizophrenia, and for each person selected, chose two people from families without mental illness who were the same age, sex, and socioeconomic status as the person selected from NAMI. Each participant was asked whether or not they owned a cat as a child. The results showed that…Philosophical and health issues are prompting an increasing number of Taiwanese to switch to a vegetarian lifestyle. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition compared the daily intake of nutrients by vegetarians and omnivores living in Taiwan. Among the nutrients considered was protein. Too little protein stunts growth and interferes with all bodily functions; too much protein puts a strain on the kidneys, can cause diarrhea and dehydration, and can leach calcium from bones and teeth. Independent random samples of 51 female vegetarians and 53 female omnivores yielded the following summary statistics, in grams, on daily protein intake. Vegetarians: ?" = 39.04, ? = 18.82, ? = 51 Omnivores: ?" = 49.92, ? = 18.97, ? = 53 Do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean daily protein intakes of female vegetarians and female omnivores differ? Perform the required hypothesis test at the 1% significance level. Assume equality of variances. Determine a 99%…
- Recent research is exploring ways to use virtual reality (VR) to help people in a variety of ways. In one published study, researchers examined whether VR could help people get over the discomfort they feel after riding rollercoasters. Participants whose lifelong dreams were to ride rollercoasters without feeling noxious were recruited to participate in the research. Some participants were randomly assigned into the control group, where no VR treatment was provided before riding the rollercoaster (instead, they received an encouraging pep talk from the experimenter). The rest of the participants were put in the treatment group, where they first put on a VR headset and experienced a virtual rollercoaster before riding the real thing. After both groups of participants completed the rollercoaster ride, both survey and physiological measures were collected. The subjective and objective measures for each participant were summed to create a discomfort index, which ranges from scores of 1…Researchers investigate how the presence of cell phones influence the quality of human interaction. Subjects are randomly selected from a population and divided into an experimental group that is asked to leave their phones in the front of the room and a control group that are not asked to leave their cell phones at the front of the room. Subjects are left alone for 10 minutes and then asked to take a survey designed to measure quality of interactions they had with others in the experiment. What statistical test is appropriate?Coughlin et al. (A-9) examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non- Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. (b) Objective probability (d) Classical probability (f) Mutually exclusive events (h) Marginal probability (j) Conditional probability (l) The multiplication rule (n) False positive(p) Sensitivity(r) Predictive value positive (t) Bayes’s theorem 86 CHAPTER 3 SOME BASIC PROBABILITY CONCEPTS Marital Status Currently MarriedDivorced or SeparatedWidowed 88 Never Married or Living As 41 an Unmarried Couple Total 578 Hispanic Non-Hispanic Total 738 1057 329 459 402 490 95 136 1564 2142 319…
- According to the American Lung association, lung cancer account for 28% of all cancer deaths in the US. A new type of screening for lung cancer, computed tomography (CT), has been developed. Medical researchers believe CT scans are scans are more sensitive than regular X-rays in pinpointing small tumors. The Cancer Center at the University of South Florida is currently conducting a clinical trial of 50,000 smokers nationwide to compare the effectiveness of CT scans with X-ray for detecting lung cancer (Today’s Tomorrows, Fall 2002). Each participating smoker is randomly assigned to one of the two screening methods, CT or chest X-ray, and his or her progress is tracked over time. The age at which the scanning method first detects a tumor is the variable of interest. A. Identify the data collection method used by the cancer researchers. B. dentify experimental units of the study. C. Identify the type of the variable measured. D. Identify the population and sample.Acne is a common skin disease that affects most adolescents and can continue into adulthood. A study compared the effectiveness of three acne treatments and a placebo, all in gel form, applied twice daily for 12 weeks. The study's 517 teenage volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments. Success was assessed as clear or almost clear skin at the end of the 12 week period. The results of the study can be seen in the table below. Using the appropriate statistical test, determine if there is significant evidence that the four treatments perform differently. If so, how do they compare.Philosophical and health issues are prompting an increasing number of Taiwanese to switch to a vegetarian lifestyle. A study published in the Journal of Nutrition compared the daily intake of nutrients by vegetarians and omnivores living in Taiwan. Among the nutrients considered was protein. Too little protein stunts growth and interferes with all bodily functions; too much protein puts a strain on the kidneys, can cause diarrhea and dehydration, and can leach calcium from bones and teeth. Independent random samples of 51 female vegetarians and 53 female omnivores yielded the following summary statistics, in grams, on daily protein intake. Vegetarians: X₁ = 39.04, s₁ = 18.82, n₁ = 51 Omnivores: X₂ = 49.92, S₂: 18.97, n₂ = 53 a. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean daily protein intakes of female vegetarians and female omnivores differ? Perform the required hypothesis test at the 1% significance level. Assume equality of variances. b. Determine a 99%…
