Certian bacterial species have outer layers composed of polymers made of D-amino acids. Immune system cells whose task is to attack and destroy foerign cells, cannot destroy these bacteria. Suggest a reason for the phenomenon.
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- You’ve made a 25 mM stock of colchicine (a tubulin inhibitor; dissolved in distilled water), which you’d like to use to study the effect of tubulin on phagocytosis in T.pyriformis. Based on published research articles that you’ve read, you’d like to preincubate T. pyriformis with colchicine at a final, effective concentration of 75 µM. Assuming you need 40 µL of the cell+colchicine mixture for your experiment, please explain how you can use your 25 mM solution of colchicine, T. pyriformis cells, and distilled water to create your cell+colchicine mixture.Most medically useful antibiotics interfere with either peptidoglycan synthesis or ribosome function. Why would the cell membrane be a poor target for antimicrobial medication?Under cellular conditions, dATP can be oxidized to its 2-hydroxy form, which is a substrate for an enzyme that converts 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP + PPi. Explain why compounds that inhibit the activity of this enzyme would be eff ective anticancer agents.
- Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by two membrane bilayers separated by a space termed the periplasm. The periplasm is a multipurpose compartment separate from the cytoplasm. The periplasm has a distinct oxidizing environment that allow certain key protein structural features to be formed. Can you identify an amino acid(s) that would be affected by this oxidizing environment? How would it be affected, and what structural features would be sensitive to this environment? Can you discuss the implications of this from a standpoint of recombinant protein expression?Most medically useful antibiotics interfere with either peptidoglycan synthesis or ribosome function. Why would the cytoplasmic membrane (in general) be a poor target for antibacterial medications?Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…
- Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit cofilin/ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…In a lysogenic pathway, antisense Cro is made. Explain why this renders Cro to be inactive?Describe the cross - section side view of a Gram - negative cell . Clearly state where the following would be located or write the letters in order of appearance from the outside to the inside . If any of these structures are not present , make sure to leave them out . A ) peptidoglycan ; ( B ) periplasm ; ( C ) porin ; ( D ) LPS ; ( E ) teichoic acids ; ( F ) plasma membrane : ( G ) outer membrane : ( H ) nucleoid
- Antibiotic resistance can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another. Describe how this process can occur.Actinomycin D inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Thisantibiotic is added to a bacterial culture in which a specific proteinis being monitored. Compared to a control culture, into which noantibiotic is added, translation of the protein declines over a periodof 20 minutes, until no further protein is made. Explain theseresults.In general, why might cell-wall inhibiting antimicrobial drugs be less effective on gram-negative bacteria compared to gram-positive bacteria? The gram-negative bacteria digest these drugs at a much higher rate than gram-positive bacteria. The mutation rate of gram-negative bacteria is much greater than that of gram-positive bacteria. The outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria inhibits penetration of the drug. The peptidoglycan found in gram-positive bacteria is structurally different from that in gram-negative bacteria. The gram-negative bacteria do not synthesize peptidoglycan.