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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
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- A researcher sequences a DNA fragment using dye-terminator sequencing. In this procedure, each dideoxynucleotide triphosphate (ddNTP) contains a fluorescent marker specific to the base. Upon excitement by a laser, the ddNTPs emit light at their characteristic wavelengths. An automated machine then reads the sequence. In this procedure, • ddCTP is tagged with a blue marker that emits light at 517 nm, • ddATP is tagged with a green marker that emits light at 540 nm, • ddGTP is tagged with a yellow marker that emits light at 570 nm, and • ddTTP is tagged with a red marker that emits light at 635 nm. The primer has the sequence 5'-ATGAC-3'. In the image shown here, the shortest fragments are at the bottom and the longest fragments are at the top. C T A T с T T T с G G Write the nucleotide sequence, including the primer, in the 3' to 5' direction. 3'- -5'A DNA strand was sequenced using the Sanger method (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTstRrDTmWI). The reaction tube contained the DNA strand, fluorescently labelled dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddATP – yellow, ddGTP – green, ddCTP – blue, ddTTP - red), deoxynucleotide triphosphates, DNA polymerase, or its Klenow fragment. Synthesis of DNA is allowed to proceed, and the results are shown on the right: 15 14 13 12 11 10 (a) What is the sequence of the copy and the template strands? (b) If the template strand were in the 5'-3' direction, what will be the sequence of the DNA copy? Nucleotide LengthThe chromatogram shows fluorescent peak data from a dye-terminating nucleotide-sequencing reaction. The peaks are shown with shortest fragment on the left to longer fragments on the right. T •C A Select the DNA sequence that matches the data. 5-ТАТAСТТАСGAAGT-3' 5'-GTCCTACGGACGCG–3' 5'-ATATGAATGCTTCA–3' 5'-TGAAGCATTCATAT–3' 5-АСТТCGTAAGTATA-3'
- Both protein and DNA are run together in an isoelectric focusing (IEF) electrophoresis using the immobilised pH gradient (IPG) strip with pH range of 4-7. After the electrophoresis and staining, only ONE band is observed on the middle of the IPG strip. The band is a protein band. Briefly explain why only the protein band and NOT the DNA band appear on the IPG strip.consider the DNA segment with a sequence: 3'-TACGGTACGGGATTG-5'. if the given DNA sample was subjected to ion-torrent sequencing, sketch the expected profile of the sequencing output. assume that the sequential flooding of nucleotides follows the order G-C-A-T.A piece of DNA fragment is sequenced. You clone the the fragment, isolate the cloned DNA fragment, and set up a series of four dideoxy reaction. You then separate the products of the reaction by gel electrophoresis and obtain the following banding patter: ddATP ddTTP ddCTP ddGTP What is the base sequence of the original fragment that you were given? 5'-TAAGCTGA-3' O 5'-ATTCGACT-3' O 5'-TCAGCTTA-3' O 5'-AGTCGAAT-3'
- A piece of DNA fragment is sequenced. You clone the the fragment, isolate the cloned DNA fragment, and set up a series of four dideoxy reaction. You then separate the products of the reaction by gel electrophoresis and obtain the following banding patter: ddATP ddTTP O 5'-ATTCGACT-3' O 5'-TCAGCTTA-3' What is the base sequence of the synthesized fragment? O 5'-AGTCGAAT-3' ddCTP O 5'-TAAGCTGA-3' I ddGTPWhat is the role of GelRed® in Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments? GelRed® moves down the agarose gel in response to the electric current and enables visualisation of the position of the nucleic acids within in the agarose gel. GelRed® intercalates with the Nucleic acid and, under UV light, fluoresces to enable visualisation of the position of the nucleic acids in the agarose gel. GelRed® intercalates with the Nucleic acid and enables visualisation of the position of the nucleic acids in the agarose gel. GelRed® intercalates with the amino acids in the agarose gel and enables visualisation of the position of their in the agarose gel.During agarose gel electrophoresis, why does DNA move through the gel when electric current is applied? because DNA is negatively charged because a charged chemical from the loading buffer is bound to the DNA because DNA is positively charged because DNA absorbs electricity
- This piece of DNA is cut by EcoRI, the resulting fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis, and the gel is stained with ethidium bromide. Draw a picture of the bands that will appear on the gel.Explain why DNA fragments migrate in a gel electrophoresis. Which fragments migrate farthest: large or small?You digest 4 uL of plasmid DNA that is 50 ng/uL concetration in a total volume of 20 uL. You run 10 uL of the digest on teh gel. You then do a DNA purification protocol with a Zippy prep on the remaining digested DNA. You elute the DNA in a 25 uL. A 2 uL ssample has the concentration of 2 ng/uL. What is the DNA yield?