As an individual consumes more and more of a good, each additional unit brings about less and less utility. What is the term for this effect? negative opportunity cost negative marginal utility diminishing marginal utility diminishing total utility
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- An author is trying to choose between two publishing companies that are competing for the marketing rights to her new novel. Company A has offered the author $10,000 plus $2 per book sold. Company B has offered the author $2,000 plus $4 per book sold. The author believes that four levels of demand for the book are possible are: 1,000, 2,000, 3000 and 5000 books are sold. If the probabilities of each level of demand are as follows: Demand Probability 1000 0.31 2000 0.32 3000 0.25 5000 0.12 Construct the payoff table for each level of demand for company X and company Y. What are the expected monetary value (EMV) and expected opportunity loss (EOL)? Hence determine the best decision that this author should do.Let's say we have a game called "guess 2/3 of the average," where players can choose any number x ∈ [0, 100]. 5% of players are at level N0, 40% at level N1, 35% at level N2, 15% at level N3, and 5% at level N4. Players at level N0 choose a number randomly, while players at higher levels choose a number according to their beliefs, which are as follows: players at higher levels believe that all other players are one level lower than themselves. (a) What will be the winning number and which level players will be the winners? (b) Under the assumptions of classical game theory, the mentioned version of the game "guess 2/3 of the average" has exactly one equilibrium, in which everyone chooses the number 0. Prove that this outcome is indeed a Nash equilibrium of the game.Q19
- A biometric security device using fingerprints erroneously refuses to admit 3 in 1,500 authorized persons from a facility containing classified information. The device will erroneously admit 3 in 1,005,000 unauthorized persons. Assume that 98 percent of those who seek access are authorized. If the alarm goes off and a person is refused admission, what is the probability that the person was really authorized?NoneDavid Barnes and his fiancée Valerie Shah are visiting Hawaii. At the Hawaiian Cultural Center in Honolulu, they are told that 2 out of a group of 8 people will be randomly picked for a free lesson of a Tahitian dance a. What is the probability that both David and Valerie get picked for the Tahitian dance lesson? (round 4 decimal places) b. What is the probability that Valerie gets picked before David for the Tahitian dance lesson? (round 4 decimal places)
- Jack and Diane work at a bakery. Jack can make either five batches of cookies or two cakes per hour, while Diane can make either four batches of cookies or three cakes per hour. At 9:00 a.m. they receive an order for 24 batches of cookies and nine cakes. What time is the soonest they can have the order ready?Matthew is playing snooker (more difficult variant of pool) with his friend. He is not sure which strategy to choose for his next shot. He can try and pot a relatively difficult red ball (strategy R1), which he will pot with probability 0.4. If he pots it, he will have to play the black ball, which he will pot with probability 0.3. His second option (strategy R2) is to try and pot a relatively easy red, which he will pot with probability 0.7. If he pots it, he will have to play the blue ball, which he will pot with probability 0.6. His third option, (strategy R3) is to play safe, meaning not trying to pot any ball and give a difficult shot for his opponent to then make a foul, which will give Matthew 4 points with probability 0.5. If potted, the red balls are worth 1 point each, while the blue ball is worth 5 points, and the black ball 7 points. If he does not pot any ball, he gets 0 point. By using the EMV rule, which strategy should Matthew choose? And what is his expected…Managers of the restaurant, NicePizzeria@Nola, have to plan for the number of pizzas they want to make at the beginning of each day. Based on market research, the managers know the daily demand can only be one of the three levels: 30, 40 or 50 pizzas. Also, the probabilities of getting a daily demand of 30, 40, 50 pizzas are 0.3, 0.4, 0.3 respectively. The managers decide that their tentative daily supply of pizza should also be one of the three levels: 30, 40 or 50 pizzas. Each pizza costs $3 to make and the price is $8 per pizza. Note: The profit for each pizza sold is $5. For the ones supplied but not sold, the profit is -$3. Fill in the following profit table (hint: use two-way table ) and use the profit table to answer the questions. Three demand levels 30 40 50 30 Three supply 40 levels 50 1) What is the maximin supply level? 2) What is the maximum expected profit (across three supply levels)?
- Arielle is a risk-averse traveler who is planning a trip to Canada. She is planning on carrying $400 in her backpack. Walking the streets of Canada, however, can be dangerous and there is some chance that she will have her backpack stolen. If she is only carrying cash and her backpack is stolen, she will have no money ($0). The probability that her backpack is stolen is 1/5. Finally assume that her preferences over money can be represented by the utility function U(x)=(x)^0.5 Suppose that she has the option to buy traveler's checks. If her backpack is stolen and she is carrying traveler's checks then she can have those checks replaced at no cost. National Express charges a fee of Sp per $1 traveler's check. In other words, the price of a $1 traveler's check is $(1+p). If the purchase of traveler's checks is a fair bet, then we know that the purchase of traveler checks will not change her expected income. Show that if the purchase is a fair bet, then the price (1+p) = $1.25.N⁴q1Two identically able agents are competing for a promotion. The promotion is awarded on the basis of output (whomever has the highest output, gets the promotion). Because there are only two workers competing for one prize, the losing prize=0 and the winning prize =P. The output for each agent is equal to his or her effort level times a productivity parameter (d). (i.e. Q2=dE1 , Q2=dE2). If the distribution of “relative luck” is uniform, the probability of winning the promotion for agent 1 will be a function of his effort (E1) and the effort level of Agent 2 (E2). The formula is given by...Prob(win)=0.5 + α(E1-E2), where α is a parameter that reflects uncertainty and errors in measurement. High measurement errors are associated with small values of α (think about this: if there are high measurement errors, then the level of an agent’s effort will have a smaller effect on his/her chances of winning). Using this information, please answer the following questions. Both workers have a…