Although NASA’s “CHNOPS” guideline provides the six elements that are needed for basic biomolecules... it is the bare minimum. What are two more elements that could play significant, if not essential, roles in biochemistry (see picture for a hint). Also, what sort of metabolic role might these elements be playing?

Q: Biomolecules' three-dimensional structure is more evolutionary conserved than their sequence. Why?

A: Biomolecules are macromolecules that are produced by living organisms and perform the major…

Q: Experimental results describing a protein's amino acid composition are useful for estimating the…

A: Proteins are high molecular weight polymers of amino acid residues linked together via peptide…

Q: (a). Name the TWO functional groups that are characteristic of all amino acids. (2) (b). Assume that…

A: The amino acids are monomers of proteins. Individual  amino acids are zwitterionic in nature which…

Q: Briefly describe the structural differences for each pair listed: A) Glycogen and Cellulose   B)…

A: Glycogen is the form in which glucose is stored in bacteria, fungi and animals. In humans, glycogen…

Q: Why double bonds of fatty acids in our body are generally in cis for?

A: When hydrogens are present in the same plane, it is known as a cis fat. When the hydrogen atoms are…

Q: .Identify the source of the atoms in the purine ring.

A: Nucleic acids are the major class of biomolecules that are important for all forms of the organism.…

Q: The function of proteins can be regulated in a number of ways. What is cooperativity, and how does…

A: Proteins are massive biomolecules and macromolecules made up of one or more long chains of amino…

Q: Proteins treated with proteolytic enzymes hydrolyzed peptide bonds to yield a mixture of amino acids…

A: Proteolytic enzymes are a group of hydrolases that use use water to cleave the peptide bonds between…

Q: Which way is more common practice to characterize the strength of a binding reaction between a…

A: Answer : the more common practice to characterize the strength of a binding reaction between a…

Q: In studying a particular biomolecule (a protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, or lipid) in the…

A: A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually with a…

Q: Describe, identify, and DRAW the monomers (e.g. what is typically illustrated as a hexagon?) and…

A: A monomer is the fundamental component of bigger molecules, often those found in nature that are…

Q: Consider a protein in which a negatively charged glutamic acid side chain (pKa=4.2) makes a salt…

A: Salt bridges are attractive interactions between two oppositely charged groups. So, more oppositely…

Q: True or false: Disulfide bonds between side chains stabalize the structure of proteins by increasing…

A: Disulphide bonds are sulphur- sulphur bonds that form between side chains of two cysteine residues…

Q: a. what general category would you place this molecule in of the four categories of biomolecules?…

A: The biomolecules are the basic component of the living organisms that are of different types that…

Q: Basic chemical properties of polar positively charged amino acids in proteins. Use a few examples.

A: Amino acids are the backbone of proteins composed of carboxyl group (COOH), amino group (NH3) and R…

Q: describe the biochemical function and mode of action of branch chain amino acids in biochemistry…

A: Branched chain amino acids are essential amino acids having branched R-groups. They are not…

Q: Suppose that there is a protein consisting of two polypeptide chains with the given sequences in the…

A: Proteins are the polymers of amino acids, joined together by peptide bonds. The amino acid with the…

Q: A cytosolic protein has an important alpha amino group. The pKa of this group is approximately 8…

A: The pKa of an amino acid tells the pH at which both protonated and deprotonated forms of the amino…

Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.  

Metabolism

Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt. 

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.