**Aldol Additions and Condensations Catalyzed by Aqueous Acid**Aldol additions and condensations can also be catalyzed by aqueous acid. Below is the mechanism for the formation of an enol intermediate in the reaction of butanone with aqueous acid (such as dilute H₂SO₄ or just H₃O⁺).### Reaction Mechanism Steps:1. **Protonation of Carbonyl Oxygen:** - A proton (H⁺) from the acid adds to the carbonyl oxygen of butanone, creating a positively charged oxonium ion.2. **Formation of the Enol:** - The alpha carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group donates a hydrogen, forming a double bond between the alpha carbon and the carbonyl carbon, resulting in the enol structure. Water is involved in the deprotonation step, essentially capturing the acidic hydrogen and stabilizing the structure. 3. **Resonance Stabilization:** - The newly formed double bond between the alpha carbon and the carbonyl carbon shows resonance with the remaining lone pair on the oxygen making the double bond flexible. The diagram illustrates butanone undergoing an acid-catalyzed transformation to create an enol intermediate through a series of protonation and deprotonation steps, demonstrating the movement of electrons and structural changes occurring at each stage. Understanding these transformations is critical for mastering complex reactions involving carbonyl chemistry in organic synthesis.

Answered: Image /qna-images/answer/58fbcaeb-2711-4014-bb32-1a6003309f6f.jpg

Aldol additions and condensations can also be catalyzed by aqueous acid. Write the mechanism for formation of an enol intermediate in the reaction of butanone with aqueous acid (such as dilute H₂SO4 or just H₂O¹). GHz 'Ht ay R 120 FI20

Aldol additions and condensations can also be catalyzed by aqueous acid. Write the mechanism for formation of an enol intermediate in the reaction of butanone with aqueous acid (such as dilute H₂SO4 or just H₂O¹). GHz 'Ht ay R 120 FI20

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Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

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Concept explainers

Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic organic compound or aromatic system is an important class of hydrocarbons under the branch of organic chemistry. Aromatic compounds are also called arenas. The definition of aromatic organic compounds can be stated as a class of organic compounds with a planar cyclic ring of atoms bonded through alternated single and double bonds. Due to these alternating bonds, a peculiar feature termed as ‘resonance’, that is, delocalization of pi electrons or the electrons is shared within the atoms of the ring which are present in the aromatic compounds. The word ‘aromatic’ includes a Greek word ‘aroma’ which means smell, indicating that they were named as such due to the sweet odor they produce. Many well-known flavors such as vanilla, cinnamon, and few scents from flowers are extracted from aromatic compounds. Benzene with chemical formula C6H6 is a very common aromatic compound that contains six atoms of carbon held in the cyclic ring of alternate double bonds. It is also to be noted that not all aromatic compounds contain benzene ring. This can be explained by Huckel’s rule.

Question

**Aldol Additions and Condensations Catalyzed by Aqueous Acid**

Aldol additions and condensations can also be catalyzed by aqueous acid. Below is the mechanism for the formation of an enol intermediate in the reaction of butanone with aqueous acid (such as dilute H₂SO₄ or just H₃O⁺).

### Reaction Mechanism Steps:

1. **Protonation of Carbonyl Oxygen:**
- A proton (H⁺) from the acid adds to the carbonyl oxygen of butanone, creating a positively charged oxonium ion.

2. **Formation of the Enol:**
- The alpha carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group donates a hydrogen, forming a double bond between the alpha carbon and the carbonyl carbon, resulting in the enol structure. Water is involved in the deprotonation step, essentially capturing the acidic hydrogen and stabilizing the structure.

3. **Resonance Stabilization:**
- The newly formed double bond between the alpha carbon and the carbonyl carbon shows resonance with the remaining lone pair on the oxygen making the double bond flexible.

The diagram illustrates butanone undergoing an acid-catalyzed transformation to create an enol intermediate through a series of protonation and deprotonation steps, demonstrating the movement of electrons and structural changes occurring at each stage.

Understanding these transformations is critical for mastering complex reactions involving carbonyl chemistry in organic synthesis.

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Step 1 : Attack of the lone pair of carbonyl oxygen on the hydrogen ion

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Step 2: Water abstracts alpha proton to form enolate

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