2 N H₂C H3C :0: H H3C The aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation reaction between two carbonyl partners and involves a combination of nucleophilic addition and a-substitution steps. One partner is converted into an enolate ion nucleophile and adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the second partner. In the classic aldol reaction, the carbonyl partners are aldehydes or ketones, although aldehydes are more reactive. The product is a B-hydroxy carbonyl compound. H OH == base XT Under reaction conditions slightly more vigorous than those employed for the aldol reaction, the B-hydroxyl group is eliminated in an E1cB dehydration to give an a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compound. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions H₂C heat H H H3C H + H₂O

2 N H₂C H3C :0: H H3C The aldol reaction is a carbonyl condensation reaction between two carbonyl partners and involves a combination of nucleophilic addition and a-substitution steps. One partner is converted into an enolate ion nucleophile and adds to the electrophilic carbonyl group of the second partner. In the classic aldol reaction, the carbonyl partners are aldehydes or ketones, although aldehydes are more reactive. The product is a B-hydroxy carbonyl compound. H OH == base XT Under reaction conditions slightly more vigorous than those employed for the aldol reaction, the B-hydroxyl group is eliminated in an E1cB dehydration to give an a,ß-unsaturated carbonyl compound. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions H₂C heat H H H3C H + H₂O

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Choose the nucleophile best suited for the conversion of an acid chloride to a carboxylic acid. na NaOCH3 CH3NH2 H₂O CH3OH ? OH
The Robinson annulation is a combination of two carbonyl coupling reactions, the Michael reaction and the intramolecular aldol condensation. The most common partners in the reaction are a nucleophilic donor (such as a cyclic ketone, a ß-keto ester, an enamine, or a ß-diketone) and an a,ß-unsaturated ketone acceptor. The product is a substituted 2-cyclohexenone derivative. il The above reaction between a ß-keto ester and an a,ß-unsaturated ketone yields a product containing a 2- cyclohexenone ring. One of the steps of this reaction follows. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions AC↔XT я OEt -I H OEt CO₂Et Eto: يز OEt EtOH
The hydrolysis of acetals and ketals are identical. Given below is an acetal under hydrolysis conditions. Provide the products obtained from the reaction and label each oxygen accordingly (note, each oxygen is labeled as A, B, or D in the starting materials and reagents). u BO- Ht, H₂0
Draw the major product(s) for reaction of methyl pentanoate with: NaOH, H2O, heat; then H3o*
Which statement best describes the first step in the mechanism of the following ether synthesis? Na + CH₂I -OCH3 The alkoxide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbon of the alkyl halide. The alkoxide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks the iodine of the alkyl halide. The alkoxide ion acts as an electrophile and attacks the iodine of the alkyl halide. The alkoxide ion acts as an electrophile and attacks the carbon of the alkyl halide.
Minoxidil is a molecule that causes hair growth in some people. It was originally synthesized as a vasodilator for the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure). Most of the patients taking the drug for hypertension were seen to grow body hair. Due to other side effects, its oral use was stopped, but it became popular as a topical cream to promote hair growth. NH2 N-OH NH Minoxidil The first key reaction in one synthesis of minoxidil follows. Draw the product of this reaction. NH NC.
In the following reaction mechanism, what best describes the role of the Grignard reagent? 0 +CH₂MgBr 1) ether 2) H3O* The Grignard reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon. The Grignard reagent acts as an electrophile and is attacked by the oxygen. The Grignard reagent is first protonated by the acid. The Grignard reagent acts as a nucleophile and removes a proton from the methyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon.
A set of three nucleophilic displacement reactions is shown below: - Br -Br -Br "CHз Hзс CHз C В A NaCN CH-он SN2 reaction Which reaction (A, B, or C) proceeds the fastest? Which reaction (A, B, or C) proceeds the slowest?
Draw the product of the following epoxide reaction, including the stereochemistry at any stereogenic centers. H HI 25 Click and drag to start drawing a structure. X 26 :0 S ~ 27
Step 3: If excess alcohol is present in the hemiacetal, the hemiacetal can be further converted to an acetal product, but only in the presence of acid. R3OH, H+ OR3 R3OH, H+ x= x= R₂ R₁ Why is acid required? HO hemiacetal R₁ OR3 acetal The alkoxy group in the hemiacetal must first be converted into a good leaving group. Acid stabilizes the hemiacetal, making it more reactive. Acid stabilizes the product. The hydroxy group in the hemiacetal must first be converted into a good leaving group. R₂ + H₂O
In the following reaction mechanism, what best describes the role of the Grignard reagent? + CH₂MgBr 1) ether 2) H3O+ The Grignard reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon. The Grignard reagent acts as an electrophile and is attacked by the oxygen. The Grignard reagent is first protonated by the acid. The Grignard reagent acts as a nucleophile and removes a proton from the methyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon.
Some elimination reactions can undergo cation rearrangements. Given the following reaction conditions, draw three possible elimination products that could form with carbocation rearrangement, or without carbocation rearrangment. Include major and minor products. Br Weak Base