A two bus system is shown in Fig. 8.8 If 100 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the load, a loss of 10 MW is incurred. System incremental cost is Rs 30/MWh. Find PG1, PG2 and power received by load if dF dPG = 0.02P+16.0 Rs/MWh dF, dPG2 = = 0.04PG2 +20.0 Rs/MWh G1 PG₁ PG₂ G2 Load Act

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Z parameter

The Z-parameters that are the impedance parameters of a two-port network are defined by expressing the two-port voltages V1 and V2 in terms of two-port currents I1 and I2. The Z-parameters are calculated by open circuiting one of the two ports at a time henceforth they are called open-circuit impedance parameters.