A study of patients with SARS-CoV2 where we measure their daily oxygen levels with no researcher intervention is called a (Fill in the blank) study. (i) experimental (ii) conditional (iii) observational (iv) voluntary
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A study of patients with SARS-CoV2 where we measure their daily oxygen levels with no researcher intervention is called a (Fill in the blank) study.
(i) experimental (ii) conditional (iii) observational (iv) voluntary
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- Correlational designs are most often identified with experiments. Select one: True FalseResearchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 166 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptoatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period, patients were asked if they experienced improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summized below. We want to test if there is a difference in the improvement rates of sinusitis symptoms between the treatment and the placebo.(a) Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses(b) Calculate the test statistic and find the P-value(c) Please check the conditions required to do the test above.NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…
- In an investigation of the relationship between political ideology (liberal – conservative) and support for civil liberties such as free speech, a researcher calculated a bivariate gamma of 0.65. After controlling for gender, the partial gamma was 0.60. Which of the following correctly describes this outcome? a. There is an interactive relationship between ideology and support for civil liberties b. Women are much more supportive of civil liberties c. There seems to be a direct relationship between ideology and support for civil liberties d. This relationship appears to be spuriousA study was done comparing the effectiveness of exercise vs medication on loweringblood pressure in patients with high blood pressure. Two hundred subjects wererandomly assigned to two groups. One group was instructed to exercise according tostrict schedule, and the other group was given medication to take. After 3 months,the researchers compared the change in blood pressure between the groups and foundthat the exercise groups experienced a greater drop in blood pressure on average.a. Is this an observational study or an experimental study?b. Explain why a blind study would be difficult to do in this situation.Dental disease in domestic cats is commonly associated with the accumulation of plaque on the teeth. A cat food manufacturer is studying the accumulation of plaque on the teeth of cats from a certain population. The accumulation of plaque is assessed using a fluorescent light technique (FLT), where an evaluator reviews images of the cat’s teeth and assigns an overall rating from 0 to 100, with lower values indicating less plaque. A previous study indicates the population distribution of the FLT ratings for the teeth of cats is bimodal with mean μ=59 and standard deviation σ=20. (a) Compare the shapes of the sampling distributions of the sample mean FLT rating for random samples of 3cats and for random samples of 60 cats from the population. Explain your answer. (b) Which of the following would be more likely to obtain from the population? • A random sample of 100 cats having a mean FLT rating that is less than 54 or • A random sample of 400 cats having a mean FLT rating that…
- A 5-year study among 601 participants with retinitis pigmentosa assessed the effects of high-dose vitamin A (15,000 IU per day) and vitamin E (400 IU per day) on the course of their disease. One issue is to what extent supplementation with vitamin A affected their serum-retinol levels. The test used to analyze the effects of vitamins assumes that the distribution of serum retinol is approximately normal. To verify this assumption, the investigators obtained a frequency distribution of serum retinol at year O among males in the vitamin A group, with data as shown in the table below. The mean serum retinol for the group was 1.89 and the standard deviation was 0.36. n Serum- retinol group (μmol/L) ≤1.405 6 1.405-1.755 22 1.755-2.105 22 2.105-2.455 20 ≥2.455 3 1. Perform a statistical test to check on the normality assumption. Given your results, do you feel the assumption of normality is warranted? Why or why not?Scientists at a major pharmaceutical company investigated the effectiveness of an herbal compound to treat the common cold. They exposed each subject to a cold virus, then randomly gave him or her either the herbal compound they were testing the effectiveness of or a sugar solution known to have no effect on colds. Several days later, they assessed the patient’s condition, using a cold severity scale ranging from 0 to 5. They found no evidence of benefits associated with the compound. What was the independent (explanatory) variable in this study? A. The subject's ranking on the cold severity scale B. The days C. Whether the subject received the herbal compound or the sugar solution D. The cold virus1.2 Sinusitis and antibiotics, Part I. Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 166 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptomatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period, patients were asked if they experienced improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summarized below.³ Group Treatment Control Total Self-reported improvement in symptoms Yes 66 65 131 No 19 16 35 Total 85 81 166 (a) What percent of patients in the treatment group experienced improvement in symptoms? (b) What percent experienced improvement in symptoms in the control group? (c) In which group did a higher percentage of patients experience improvement in symptoms? (d)…
- Researchers examine the association between the fluoridation of water and the prevention of tooth decay by comparing the prevalence of tooth decay in countries that have fluoridated water with the prevalence in countries that do not. Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Assume that tooth decay was seen to be less common in countries with fluoridated water. Could this result be due to confounding?A researcher was interested in comparing the resting pulse rate of people who exercise regularly and people who do not exercise regularly. Independent random samples of 16 people aged 30-40 who do not exercise regularly (sample 1) and 12 people aged 30-40 who do exercise regularly (sample 2) were selected and the resting pulse rate of each person was measured. The summary statistics are as follows: Pulse Rate data Group 1 (no exercise) Group 2 (exercise) average 72.7 69.7 standard deviation 10.9 8.2 sample size 16 12 Test the claim that the mean resting pulse rate of people who do not exercise regularly is greater than the mean resting pulse rate of people who exercise regularly, use 0.01 as the significance level. Round you answer to 3 decimal places. Group of answer choices p-value=0.207, evidence not support claim p-value=0.267, evidence support claim p-value=0.414, evidence not support claim p-value=0.793, evidence not support claim p-value=0.207, evidence…Researchers have noted a decline in cognitive functioning as people age (Bartus, 1990). However, the results from other research suggest that the antioxidants in foods such as blueberries may reduce and even reverse these age-related declines (Joseph et al., 1999). To examine this phenomenon, suppose that a researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 adults who are between the ages of 65 and 75. The researcher uses a standardized test to measure cognitive performance for each individual. The participants then begin a 2-month program in which they receive daily doses of a blueberry supplement. At the end of the 2-month period, the researcher again measures cognitive performance for each participant. The results show an average increase in performance of MD = 7.4 with SS = 1215. Does this result support the conclusion that the antioxidant supplement has a significant effect on cognitive performance? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05. Show your computations.
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