7.What type of mutation occurred in the example above (question #6)? Did the polypeptide change? Why or why not?

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7.What type of mutation occurred in the example above (question #6)? Did the polypeptide change? Why or why not?

**Transcribing and Translating DNA to mRNA and Amino Acids**

### Problem 5:
**Instruction**: Fill in the following information for making the following polypeptide (the codon chart is below).

**Table 1: Transcribe and Translate the Following Strand of DNA**

| DNA            | T   | A   | C   | G   | A   | T   | G   | C   | G   | G   | T   |
|----------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| Amino acid (abbreviation) |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

### Problem 6:
**Instruction**: Fill in the following information for mutated DNA (the codon chart is below).

**Table 2: Transcribe and Translate the Following Strand of Mutated DNA**

| DNA            | T   | A   | C   | G   | A   | G   | G   | G   | T   |
|----------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| mRNA           |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |
| Amino acid (abbreviation) |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |     |

**Instructions for Completing the Tables:**

1. **Transcription**: Transcribe the given DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) by replacing each DNA base with its complementary RNA base:
   - Adenine (A) is replaced by Uracil (U)
   - Thymine (T) is replaced by Adenine (A)
   - Cytosine (C) is replaced by Guanine (G)
   - Guanine (G) is replaced by Cytosine (C)

2. **Translation**: Translate the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, using a codon chart to identify the amino acids. This involves reading the mRNA sequence in groups of three bases (codons) and substituting each codon with its corresponding amino acid abbreviation.

These tables are tools for practicing the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA ->
Transcribed Image Text:**Transcribing and Translating DNA to mRNA and Amino Acids** ### Problem 5: **Instruction**: Fill in the following information for making the following polypeptide (the codon chart is below). **Table 1: Transcribe and Translate the Following Strand of DNA** | DNA | T | A | C | G | A | T | G | C | G | G | T | |----------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | mRNA | | | | | | | | | | | | | Amino acid (abbreviation) | | | | | | | | | | | | ### Problem 6: **Instruction**: Fill in the following information for mutated DNA (the codon chart is below). **Table 2: Transcribe and Translate the Following Strand of Mutated DNA** | DNA | T | A | C | G | A | G | G | G | T | |----------------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----| | mRNA | | | | | | | | | | | Amino acid (abbreviation) | | | | | | | | | | **Instructions for Completing the Tables:** 1. **Transcription**: Transcribe the given DNA sequence into messenger RNA (mRNA) by replacing each DNA base with its complementary RNA base: - Adenine (A) is replaced by Uracil (U) - Thymine (T) is replaced by Adenine (A) - Cytosine (C) is replaced by Guanine (G) - Guanine (G) is replaced by Cytosine (C) 2. **Translation**: Translate the mRNA sequence into a polypeptide, using a codon chart to identify the amino acids. This involves reading the mRNA sequence in groups of three bases (codons) and substituting each codon with its corresponding amino acid abbreviation. These tables are tools for practicing the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA ->
**Genetic Code Wheel: Understanding Codon Translation**

The Genetic Code Wheel aids in the process of translating nucleotide sequences into amino acids, forming proteins. This visual tool allows a straightforward determination of which codon translates to which amino acid. 

**How to Read the Genetic Code Wheel:**

1. **Start at the Center**: Begin in the middle of the wheel where it says "START HERE."
2. **First Base**: Move outward to the first ring to find the first nucleotide of your codon (A, U, G, or C).
3. **Second Base**: Continue to the second ring for the second nucleotide.
4. **Third Base**: Follow to the third ring for the third nucleotide.
5. **Resultant Amino Acid**: Read outwards to determine the amino acid or stop signal encoded by the codon.

**Detailed Breakdown of the Genetic Code Wheel:**

- **First Ring (Innermost)**: This ring contains the first letters of the codons (A, U, G, C).
- **Second Ring**: This shows next set of nucleotides that pair with the first to form the beginning of the codon.
- **Third Ring**: This completes the codon with the third nucleotide.
- **Fourth Ring (Outermost)**: This final segment indicates the specific amino acids or function (e.g., stop codons) that the complete codon sequence translates to.

For example:
- **Methionine (Met)**: The codon `AUG` is marked as a start codon and codes for Methionine.
- **Aspartic acid (Asp)**: Both codons `GAU` and `GAC` code for Aspartic acid.
- **Stop Codons**: `UAA`, `UAG`, and `UGA` are indicated as stop codons, signaling the end of protein synthesis.

**Practical Example**:
Consider a codon `UCG`:
1. Begin in the center at "U".
2. Move to the “C” in the next ring.
3. Continue to "G" in the third ring.
4. The outer ring tells us `UCG` codes for Serine (Ser).

This process is vital in genetics and molecular biology for understanding how sequences of DNA and RNA translate into functional proteins. The wheel's visual organization makes decoding easier and enhances learning about genetic translation.
Transcribed Image Text:**Genetic Code Wheel: Understanding Codon Translation** The Genetic Code Wheel aids in the process of translating nucleotide sequences into amino acids, forming proteins. This visual tool allows a straightforward determination of which codon translates to which amino acid. **How to Read the Genetic Code Wheel:** 1. **Start at the Center**: Begin in the middle of the wheel where it says "START HERE." 2. **First Base**: Move outward to the first ring to find the first nucleotide of your codon (A, U, G, or C). 3. **Second Base**: Continue to the second ring for the second nucleotide. 4. **Third Base**: Follow to the third ring for the third nucleotide. 5. **Resultant Amino Acid**: Read outwards to determine the amino acid or stop signal encoded by the codon. **Detailed Breakdown of the Genetic Code Wheel:** - **First Ring (Innermost)**: This ring contains the first letters of the codons (A, U, G, C). - **Second Ring**: This shows next set of nucleotides that pair with the first to form the beginning of the codon. - **Third Ring**: This completes the codon with the third nucleotide. - **Fourth Ring (Outermost)**: This final segment indicates the specific amino acids or function (e.g., stop codons) that the complete codon sequence translates to. For example: - **Methionine (Met)**: The codon `AUG` is marked as a start codon and codes for Methionine. - **Aspartic acid (Asp)**: Both codons `GAU` and `GAC` code for Aspartic acid. - **Stop Codons**: `UAA`, `UAG`, and `UGA` are indicated as stop codons, signaling the end of protein synthesis. **Practical Example**: Consider a codon `UCG`: 1. Begin in the center at "U". 2. Move to the “C” in the next ring. 3. Continue to "G" in the third ring. 4. The outer ring tells us `UCG` codes for Serine (Ser). This process is vital in genetics and molecular biology for understanding how sequences of DNA and RNA translate into functional proteins. The wheel's visual organization makes decoding easier and enhances learning about genetic translation.
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