1. On paper, write out the first 30 bases in the middle of the page in order. You want ensure you get them all in one line, with room to write more information around them. 2. Fill in the complementary base for each of the 30 bases. Label this series of letters “Complementary Bases” on the paper. When you are done, you should have a complete double-helix section of DNA. 3. On the opposite side of the original sequence (opposite from where you did the complementary strand), translate the original sequence into mRNA. Label this sequence as mRNA.
Nucleotides
It is an organic molecule made up of three basic components- a nitrogenous base, phosphate,and pentose sugar. The nucleotides are important for metabolic reactions andthe formation of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and viruses. They carry the genetic information for the synthesis of proteins and cellular replication. The nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The structure of all proteins and ultimately every biomolecule and cellular component is a product of information encoded in the sequence of nucleic acids. Parts of a DNA molecule containing the information needed to synthesize a protein or an RNA are genes. Nucleic acids can store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next, fundamental to any life form.
1. On paper, write out the first 30 bases in the middle of the page in order. You want ensure you get them all in one line, with room to write more information around them.
2. Fill in the complementary base for each of the 30 bases. Label this series of letters
“Complementary Bases” on the paper. When you are done, you should have a complete
double-helix section of DNA.
3. On the opposite side of the original sequence (opposite from where you did the
complementary strand), translate the original sequence into mRNA. Label this sequence as mRNA.
4. Translate the mRNA strand into amino acids using your codon table. You only need to
record the 3-letter code for each amino acid. Label this line as “Amino Acids.” Record this sequence in your lab report (question 8).
5. Take a picture of your completed diagram for your lab report.
Part 2 – Mutations
You will use the same 30-base sequence you started with for this section.
1. Write out the original 30-base DNA sequence on a new paper.
2. Change the 18th base pair from “A” to a “T” and the 22nd base from “G” to “A.” These
changes represent what happens when a substitution mutation occurs.
3. Transcribe the new sequence into RNA and translate it into amino acids. Label your results on the page and record the amino acid sequence in your lab report.
4. Write out the original 30-base DNA sequence on a new paper.
5. Remove the 8th base and add a “T” at the end of the 30-base sequence, resulting in a new 30-base sequence (the T is the 31st or next base in the original gene sequence). This represents a type of frameshift mutation: a deletion.
6. Transcribe the new sequence into RNA and translate it into amino acids. Label your results on
the page and record the amino acid sequence in your lab report.
7. Write out the original 30-base DNA sequence on a new paper.
8. Add a “T” after the 11th base (between the C and A), resulting in a 31-base sequence, but we will only use the first 30. This represents a second type of frameshift mutation: an addition.
Transcribe the new sequence into RNA and translate it into amino acids. Label your results on the page and record the amino acid sequence in your lab report.
10. Take a picture of your mutation transcription results (1 picture with all three works) and
answer the questions.
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