**Equilibrium and Biological Pathways**7. **In BIOLOGY, why is it BAD to have a Keq = 1?** In biological systems, a Keq (equilibrium constant) of 1 indicates that the concentrations of reactants and products are equal at equilibrium. This can be problematic because it suggests that the reaction does not favor the formation of either products or reactants, leading to inefficiencies in metabolic pathways. For efficient biochemical reactions, it is often beneficial to have a Keq significantly greater or less than 1, to drive the reaction in a preferred direction, thereby ensuring the synthesis of necessary compounds or the breakdown of metabolites.8. **If Keq = <1, how does this work in a cell for a given pathway?** When Keq is less than 1, the reaction favors the formation of reactants over products. In cellular pathways, this can be managed by coupling the reaction to another process that drives it forward, such as ATP hydrolysis. Cells can also alter concentrations of reactants and products through mechanisms such as transport across membranes or through enzymatic activity, ensuring that the pathway proceeds efficiently in the desired direction.

INTRODUCTION A constant, characteristic for each chemical reaction; relates the specific…

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7. In BIOLOGY, why is it BAD to have a Keq 1? B. If Keg =<1, how does this work in a cell for %3D a given nathway2

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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3. Haplopappus is an annual flowering plant that grows in deserts. It is of interest because its 2n number is only four. Cells in the vegetative parts of the plant are not undergoing mitosis and are permanently in G1 of the cell cycle; a. How many DNA double helices do these vegetative cells have in their nucleus? b. During metaphase of mitosis, how many DNA double helices would there be in the cell?
5. List in the correct order the series of cytoskeletal events that occurs in a newly fertilized egg of the nematode worm C. elegans. Assume that the paternal sperm nucleus has just entered a symmetrical egg cell. Your response should be a five-letter string composed of letters that correspond to individual events, e.g., ABCD. (A) Asymmetric localization of PAR proteins (B) Sperm centrosome nucleates a microtubule aster (C) Uneven first cell division along anterior-posterior axis (D) Loss of Rho activity decreases myosin II contractility
I. Scientists can construct YACs that range in size from15 kb to 1 Mb. Based on DNA length, what level ofchromosome compaction would you predict for aYAC of 50 kb compared with a YAC of 500 kb?
1. What propels the centrosomes apart from one another during prophase? 2. How do the kinetochores of sister chromatids end up facing in opposite directions? 3. What role do the nonkinetochore microtubules play during mitosis? 4. During prometaphase, the sister chromatids jerk back and forth. What causes this back-and-forth motion? 5. When in mitosis does the cell reach the M checkpoint, and what is its function? 6. Imagine a cell with a genetic mutation that prevents it from synthesizing functional cohesins. At what stage might the cell cycle be disrupted? Support your answer with evidence from the text. 7. Cytokinesis, the last stage of the mitotic M-phase, divides the original cell into two daughter cells. How do these daughter cells compare genetically?
8. Which is NOT TRUE of the S phase?A. DNA undergoes semiconservative replication.B. Identical sister chromatids are formed from duplication of each chromosome.C. Sister chromatids of each chromosome remain joined to each other at their centromeres.D. A human cell after the S phase has now 4n = 92 chromosomes.9. Which is NOT TRUE of G2?A. It usually lasts about 3 hours.B. It is the interval between chromosome duplication and beginning of mitosis.C. It is during this stage the cell achieves most of its growth.D. A human cell during G2 has 92 chromatids.10. The following are cellular events during prophase, EXCEPT:A. There is gradual condensation of chromosomes from the undifferentiated mass of chromatin.B. Darkly staining nucleoli begin to break down and disappear.C. Centrosomes move apart toward opposite poles and generate new microtubules.D. The nuclear membrane is broken down.11. The following are cellular events during prometaphase, EXCEPT:A. The breaking down of the nuclear…
Aa v A A nt Paragraph Styles Nocodazole is a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, which is required for formation of the mitotic spindle. By treating a population of mammalian cells with nocodazole for a time and then washing it out of the medium, we can synchronize the cell population. In the presence of nocodazole, where in the cell cycle do you expect the cells to accumulate? What mechanism do you think is responsible for stopping cell-cycle progression when cells are treated with nocodazole? D Focus COU
2. Place this events in the correct order that they occur during homologous recombination: A. Resolvase cuts all four chromatidsB. Strand invasion causes one strand of the uncut chromatid to form a D loop C. Spo11 causes a double-strand break in a nonsister chromatidD. Branch migration lengthens the heteroduplex regionE. Recombinant chromosomes separate from each other
5a. In Activity 1, you may have noticed that we mutagenized a haploid strain. Haploid strains are easier than diploid strains when screening for recessive loss-of-function mutations. Why?
9. please answer this . very important
4. Using the information in problem 3, make another plot showing how DX and DP (rates of production of cells and product) vary with D (on the same graph), covering the same range of dilution rates in problem 3. 5. Genetics & Gene Control A. Explain the difference between a DNA strand, a chromosome and a gene. B. Would a cell with a deletion or a point mutation be more likely to revert back to the original phenotype? Why? C. Define feedback repression. On a basic level, how does this work in a cell?
13. A researcher discovered that a certain cell does not have any nucleosome modifiers. What is the effect of missing these modifiers?
8. In genetic screens of mutagenized yeast, temperature sensitive mutants defective in the secretory pathway (sec mutants) were identified. These mutants have helped scientists study the protein secretion pathway that is necessary/essential for life in eukaryotic cells. To identify sec mutants: mutagenized yeast cells were grown for 12 hours at low temperature, shifted to higher temperature for two hours, and then the population of cells were centrifuged in a density gradient. a. Mutagenized cells were first grown at the lower temperature and then shifted to the higher temperature. i. Why was the shift in temperature an important step of the experimental protocol? ii. Why would the experiment have been unsuccessful if the cells were grown exclusively at the higher temperature? b. After centrifugation, where would sec mutant cells be located compared to other cells in the population? Briefly explain why.