7. Heparin is a complex polysaccharide, a component of proteoglycans. Isolated heparin used as an anticoagulant, binds to the protein antithrombin and inhibits clot formation. As lipoprotein lipase is bound to the capillary endothelium through protcoglycan, heparin also can bind to LP lipase and dislodge it from the 7.4. Synthesis of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerois – Lipogenesis, Hormonal Regulation. Obesity 323 capillary wall. Why such treatment results in increased levels of triacylglycerols in blood? For thec answer:
Q: 1. What is the distinguishing structural feature of O-glycans? 2. What other prominent class of…
A: O-Linked glycoproteins are typically big proteins with molecular masses more than 200 kDa.…
Q: 3. Illustrate the relationship between the following: Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Glutathione,…
A: Vitamin E, vitamin C, Glutathione, alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and niacin relationship.
Q: 2. The patient of 48 years old has survived a heart attack. The laboratory test of his serum blood…
A: Introduction: Cholesterol is the major sterol in animal tissue. It is present in either free of…
Q: 7-The sugars in fruits, vegetables, grains, and milk are: a. naturally occurring. b. considered…
A:
Q: 5. The inflammation associated with atrophic gastritis and a damage to the stomach lining causes…
A: Atrophic gastritis is a chronic inflammation of gastric mucosa, associated with loss of glandular…
Q: 7. On a density basis, there are three general classes of blood serum lipoproteins. One of these…
A: Lipids are an important part of our daily diet. They are essential for the nourishment of the cells,…
Q: 1. The vitreous humor of eye is composed of? In 2-3 sentences, explain why this is your answer. a.…
A: Vitreous humor of the eye is a colorless, transparent fluid that that fills the space between the…
Q: 2. During the meal, two different persons both got some dietary lipids, but the content of fatty…
A: The coding of amino acid is in the form given below total number of Carbons : number of double bond…
Q: 16.What is the category of starch as non-protoplasmic content? a. enzymes b. reserve food material…
A: A cell is the basic structural and functional unit. It is composed of organic and inorganic…
Q: 1. Why are eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) important?
A: Since you have asked multiple questions we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…
Q: 4. Which of the following is an example for group specificity? a) Trypsin hydrolyzing peptide…
A: Group specificity - It implies that the enzyme will catalyze a particular reaction on the function…
Q: Scientists isolate the lymph fluid from the right thoracic duct of a fasted ( ~24 hours)…
A: The lymphatic system has three main roles: to transport interstitial fluid originally from blood…
Q: . When digesting a complex carbohydrate, water is added and, a simple sugar is obtained through…
A: During digestion the large molecules are broken down into simple molecules like during protein…
Q: 5. Pernicious anemia is a disease in which the intestine is unable to absorb vitamin B12, frequently…
A: As already mentioned in the question pernicious anemia is a disease which occurs due to inability of…
Q: 5. One student has got 300 g of carbohydrates and 50 g of proteins with dinner, another- 300 g of…
A: Lipoproteins Lipoproteins are lipids conjugated with protein molecules,the protein present in…
Q: 3. What are simple and mixed triacylglycerols and where is each more prevalent? 4. What are trans…
A: Triacylglycerols are esters that are made up of a glycerol backbone and fatty acid molecules…
Q: 1. Kwashiorkor, also known as «cdematous malnutrition» because of its association with edema (fluid…
A: Kwashiorkor is a malnutritional disease caused by the lack of proteins or vitamins in the everyday…
Q: 3. Although rabbits cannot break cellulose down into simple sugars, the bacteria that live in their…
A: Cellulose is a polysaccharide that consists of several units of beta D glucose units joined…
Q: 7. Which types of fatty acids are known to be found in large quantities in fish and some nuts? A.…
A: Biological macromolecules are those large molecules that are necessary for the survival and growth…
Q: 6. În patient with severe viral hepatitis (80% of liver parenchyma cells were damaged) decreased…
A: Urea synthesis is an essential metabolic liver function that maintains and regulatory role of…
Q: 10. Which of the following statements is true to lipoproteins?
A: Lipoprotein is a molecule that transports cholesterol throughout the body. There are two types of…
Q: 3. Why may it be difficult to formulate a ration to satisfy specific amino acid requirements for…
A: Ruminant animals (example; cow, camel, or goat) survive on a vegetarian diet. They eat plants like…
Q: 17. Bile salts that are important in the digestion of lipids are correctly classified as a.…
A: Liver is an organ which helps in the metabolism and production of different proteins, which helps in…
Q: Aspirin is an acid with a pKa of 3.5; its structureincludes a carboxyl group. To be absorbed into…
A: Aspirin is a drug that is used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. It is a weak acid. It…
Q: Egg whites (a source of albumin) and milk are often used as a first-aid treatment to heavy metal…
A: Acute or chronic poisoning due to the absorption of lead into the body is called lead poisoning.
Q: 5. One student has got 300 g of carbohydrates and 50 g of proteins with dinner, another- 300 g of…
A: In general, most adults should target their diets to comprise of 45-65% Carbohydrates, 10-35%…
Q: 19.Arachidonate (20:4A5,8,11,14) is synthesized from linoleate (18:2A9,12). In turn, arachidonate is…
A: Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins,…
Q: 1. Which do you think is NOT a property of cholesterol? A. It appears as yellowish crystalline…
A: Bile: a. Bile contains 85% water, 3% pigments, fats (1%), inorganic salts (0.7%), cholesterol…
Q: 2. List glycosaminoglycans (GAGS), indicate disaccharide subunits that make up structure and define…
A: Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear negatively charged polysaccharides made of repeating units of…
Q: 5. Pernicious anemia is a disease in VITAMIN B12 which the intestine is unable to absorb vitamin…
A:
Q: 1.Explain how dietary lipids are absorbed by the human body.
A: Dietary lipids are important for the growth and functioning of the body. Fats and oils are the forms…
Q: 1. Name the process by which rice can become porridge or congee. Give details of the process in…
A: 1. By process called 'boiling' rice can become porridge or congee. Congee is a thick porridge ,made…
Q: 6. Which of the following is common among lipids? 1.In glycogenesis, the glucose is added at the a.…
A: Glycogenesis is the process of synthesis of glycogen, it takes place in the cytosol and requires…
Q: Fatty acids are a component of fats but have a distinct chemical difference apart from fats that…
A: Fatty acid, an important component of lipids (fat-soluble components of living cells) in plants,…
Q: . In your O
A: Cholesterol plays several structural and metabolic roles that are vital for human biology.it…
Q: 4) The following table shows the times taken for the enzyme amylase to break down a fixed mass of…
A: Starch is a homopolysaccharide composed of amylose and amylopectin, which are composed of glucose…
Q: There are 20 multiple choice about biology.
A: We are authorized to answer one question at a time, since you have not mentioned which question…
Q: 1. Explain why some natural starches are chemically modified. 2. What is birefringence? What does…
A: Carbohydrates are molecules with the formula (CH2O)n that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A…
Q: 13. Which of the following is an example for derived lipids? A. steroids B. terpenes C. carotenoids…
A: Hi! Since you have posted multiple question, we shall answer the first question for as we are only…
Q: Explain why sucrose is non reducing sugar
A: The carbohydrates that are capable of causing the reduction of other substances without being…
Q: 1. Explain the processes involved in the tracking down of fatty acid in metabolism (e.g. palmitic…
A: Fat may be ingested from the diet or synthesized by the adipocyte cells from the carbohydrate…
Q: 11. Which of the following descriptions of 24:6 n-3 fatty acid is correct? A. It is an omega-6 fatty…
A: The essential fatty acid cannot be synthesized by our body but they are required for the maintenance…
Q: 2. Digestion of proteins in humans begins in the stomach where the environment is very acidic.…
A: “Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If youwant any…
Q: 7. ………. is the lipoprotein that transports mostly cholesteryl esters through the blood A. LDL B.…
A: All the Lipoproteins play vital role in transporting Cholesteryl Esters (CE)through blood however…
Q: 1- Which one of the following statements describes non - essential amino acids ? a) They can be…
A: Disclaimer: Since you have asked two questions, we have answered the first one for you. If you…
Q: 4. Since pepsin is a gastric enzyme, does it have an acidic or alkaline optimum pH? What happens to…
A: Enzymes are highly specialized proteins that have extraordinary catalytic power, greater than that…
Q: Why would you not expect sucrose (disaccharide) to test positive in Benedict’s test?
A: 4. Carbohydrates are the energy providing macromolecules which comprises of sugars and starch, whole…
Q: 1. The following lipids are important structural components of the cell membrane of fish. Draw the…
A: The membrane phospholipids have a glycerol backbone.
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
- 2B. S. aureus hemolysin B attacks the RBC cell membrane by hydrolyzing the sphingomyelin headgroup: ОН HN .R hemolysin B cuts this bond i) Draw a plausible mechanism of hydrolysis for this lipid headgroup. Let B- and BH be general base and general acid. 00-P-O LOR2 OR, ii) Why is this damaging to the overall membrane architecture of the RBC?The figure shows interaction of various amino acids (Phe, Arg, and Asn) present in Hb with 2,3-DPG. The side chains of these amino acids and 2,3-DPG interactions are circled in red. HO Но Phe HN Asn H2N NH Arg You identify a mutant version of the globin chain where the Arg in circle 2 is replaced with aspartic acid in a patient. Would the Hb protein in this patient be able to transport oxygen even in the presence of 2,3-DPG? ASPARTIC ACID (asp) No, because the mutant Hb version will bind 2,3 DPG, and not oxygen Yes, because the mutant Hb version will bind 2,3 DPG, and not oxygen Yes, because the mutant Hb version will bind oxygen and not 2,3 DPG5. In order to be absorbed by the body, many pharmaceutical agents like acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; shown below) must be able to diffuse across cell membranes in the digestive tract. Acetylsalicylic acid has a pK of 3.5. The pH of secretions in the stomach lumen is ~2.5, whereas the pH of secretions in the duodenum lumen is -8. If acetylsalicylic acid was equally soluble in the secretions of these two regions of the digestive tract, would you expect acetylsalicylic acid to be passively absorbed more readily by individual stomach cells or by individual duodenal cells? Explain your choice. HO
- 1. A macrolide containing a 15-membered lactone ring Erythromycin Telithromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin 2. ALL are true about the activity of Macrolides EXCEPT: It is effective against syphilis infections it resembles that of penicillin it is very effective against G(-) bacteria it is effective against erysipelas infections 3. These are ALL causes of bacterial resistance against macrolides EXCEPT: active efflux bacterial endospores release of esterases modification of binding site 4. These are ALL adverse effects of Erythromycin EXCEPT: CYP450 inhibition Hepatotoxicity Neutropenia Acute cholestatic hepatitis 5. These are drugs that have prolonged half-life when taken with erythromycin EXCEPT: Rifampicin Lipitor Lanoxin Lasix1.One of the main sources of sphingosine in the body is in the cell membrane. What complication could arise from the biological synthesis of ceramide?1. Draw the structure of a cholesterol ester where cholesterol is esterified with palmitic acid. is this polar or nonpolar acid 2. Draw the strucutre of lecithin containing stearic acid on carbon 1 and arachidonic acid on carbon 2 of glycerol. is this polar or nonpolar acid 3.Disccuss the medical sginificance of cholesterol , cholesterol ester,l ecithin and choline . 4. Give examples of phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids of biological importance .
- 15. Which of the following glycans can be released from proteins using ?β-elimination? a. Complex N-linked glycans b. Glycosaminoglycans c. Mucin type O-glycans d Hyaluronic acid 16. Which of the following glycans are made by the addition of sugars to the reducing end of a growing glycan chain? a. Hyaluronan b. Heparan sulfate c. Mucin type O-glycans d. Gangliosides e. Cellulose9. A daily diet of a 55-ycar-old woman, consisted of a 500 g of carbohydrates, 100 g of animal fats and 150 g of proteins, at the background of low physical activity. What possible consequences for the lipid metabolism such lifestyle could trigger? For the answer: a) compare the daily food consumption of the patient with the norm for this age and level of physical activity; b) draw the scheme of TAG synthesis in the liver and continue with their following transport to the tissues; c) draw the scheme of metabolic pathways which are more active in adipocytes of this patient compared with an individual of the same age consuming balanced dict; d) name the biologically active molecules released by adipocytes of this patient.VI. Although most biologically relevant sugars have the D-configuration, L-fucose is a commonly observed monosaccharide component in glycoproteins. Glycosylated antibodies (IgGs) observed in patients with active TB have more fucose than those found in patients with latent TB (Lu et. al., 2016). Latent TB occurs when a person has the TB bacteria, but bacterial proliferation is kept under control by the body's immune system; hence, the infected person is asymptomatic and not infectious. A person with latent TB will test positive for the tuberculin test or TB blood test. a) L-fucose is also known as 6-deoxy-L-galactose. Note that D-galactose is a C-4 epimer of D-glucose. Draw the Fisher projections for D-glucose, D-galactose and L-fucose. (Hints: D- and L-isomers are enantiomers. 6-deoxy means that the hydroxyl group at C-6 is removed leaving just the methyl group). D-galactose: D-glucose: L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose): b) L-fucose can cyclize into a pyranose and form two anomers. Draw…
- Consider the positively charged amino acid lysine Lys2+ 21 COOH I H&N-C-H I pH 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ T NH₂+ 0 Nelson p85 2.18 = 2.18 PK₁ Lys+ COO™ I H₂N-C-H H₂N-C-H ī I -----) 8.95 Lysº 8.95 pK₂ pka carboxyl = 2.19 pkaamino = 9.67 pka sidechain = 4.25 COO™ I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ I NH₂¹ 1.0 2.0 Equivalents of OH added- COO™ I H₂N-C-H I 10.79 1 10.79 pk Isoelectric point Lys CH₂2 I CH₂ I CH₂ I CH₂ T NH₂ 3.0 +H3N NH3+ T CH₂ T CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ -COO™ H Lysine (Lys, K) Physiological pH = 7.4 < pl → Amino acid is positively charged at physiological pH 1. Consider glutamate in its fully protonated form (e.g. in a pH = 1 solution) 1) Draw all the forms of glutamate at various pH 2) Calculate the pl of this amino acid 3) Sketch a titration curve showing pH as a function of added [OH-] and locate the predominant forms of histidine in the curve STEPS: 1. Find the H atoms that can be removed on the molecule 2. Associated a pka value to each removable H. 3. Draw the Aa structure at:…Classify the symmetrical arrangement ofthe subunits (e.g., C2 , C3 , D 2 , helical, icosahedral). 1. Proteobacterial nitrite sensor (3PNS):2. Pseudomonad oligosaccharide receptor (7POR):3. Adenoviral structural protein (8ASP)3. Is there evidence for an albumin conformation change caused by levofloxacin binding? If there is evidence for a conformation change, are the tyrosines changing their environment (becoming more exposed to solvent or more buried into the protein interior)? Answer the same question for the tryptophans. Briefly explain being as specific as possible.