7. Assuming equivalent stimulation of the two pre-synaptic axons in the diagram below, in which of thetwo post-synaptic cells will you observe a stronger response? Why?= 5-HT= 5-HT receptor= 5-HTT (transporter)

Neurons communicate by using chemical messengers like serotonin between cells. Serotonin transporter…

Answered: 7. Assuming equivalent stimulation of…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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27.
What proteins are responsible for the decrease of membrane potential in section 3? opening of voltage gated sodium channels opening of voltage gated potassium channels potassium leak channels opening of ligand gated sodium channels Na+/ K+/atpase
Epinephrine α GDP B B-Adrenergic receptor Figure 13.04 Biochemistry, Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company Y KOMA Adenylate cyclase GTP ATP Protein kinase A Cyclic AMP ↓ W Protein kinase A 1. What type of receptor is this? 2. Is it a integral protein, peripheral protein, GPI linked protein? 3. What are the characteristics of membrane proteins? 4. Which Ga protein activates adenylyl cyclase? 5. Which form of the Ga protein is active (GTP bound or GDP bound)? 6. When does Ga re-associate with the beta and gamma G proteins? 7. What is the secondary messenger produced from the activation of adenylyl cyclase? Proliferation Migration
3. GABA is commonly introduced as the most prominent inhibitory neurotransmitter in our brains. However, scientists have discovered that GABA does not always lead to the inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron. Explain how this is possible for neurotransmitters more generally. In other words, describe how it is possible for the same neurotransmitter to cause either a depolarizing or hyperpolarizing effect at different postsynaptic synapses. Make sure you clearly explain the reasoning behind your answer.
7. You stimulate a presynaptic cell and record from the postsynaptic neuron of each pair. For each mutation below, describe the following: i) After the first stimulus, how does the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) you record from the postsynaptic neuron differ from the EPSP recorded from a wild-type animal? Does it increase, decrease, stay comparatively the same, or fail to be generated at all? ii) After five stimulations of the presynaptic cell in quick succession, how does the EPSP you record from the mutant animal differ from that in the same experiment on a wild-type animal? Explain your reasoning in each case. The mutations are as follows: 7A. Mutation of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels of the presynaptic terminal. The mutant channels have a lower opening threshold.
Fill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Inside
1. If a mutation were to occur to disrupt the localization of ankyring, such that this protein became distributed throughout the Purkinje cell body and axon, what phenotype would you expect? Briefly explain your reasoning, assuming that the mutation does not disrupt interactions between ankyring and neurofascin.
Which protein is responsible for the increase of membrane potential in section 2 potassium leak channels opening of potassium channels opening of ligand gated sodium channels Na+/K+ Atpase opening of sodium channels
About 60% of the base pairs in the human genome are AT. If the human genome has 3.2 billion base pairs of DNA, about how many times will the following restriction sites be present? a. BamHI (recognition sequence is 5′–GGATCC–3′) b. EcoRI (recognition sequence is 5′–GAATTC–3′) c. HaeIII (recognition sequence is 5′–GGCC–3′)
What happen when you open the the GABA channels ? Does it rise the membrane permeability of Na+, K+ or CL? Choose one here? Explain short and briefly only ?
9. You are performing an experiment at with an artificial membrane (i.e not a living cell). You place a NaCl solution on each side of the membrane. You discover that if you place a 10-fold NaCl concentration gradient across this membrane (higher NaCl concentration outside than inside) you initially see a +20 mV membrane potential develop. If the Cl permeability is assigned a value of 1, what value would you assign to the Na" permeability? Assume 2.3RT/F = 60 mV.
5. Postsynaptic synapses that have NMDA receptors but not AMPA/kainate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane are called 'silent synapses' because they lack postsynaptic responses at resting membrane potential. Why do these synapses not have postsynaptic responses? Under what conditions could you detect a postsynaptic response from the silent synapse (synapses lacking AMPA/kainate receptors)?

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7. Assuming equivalent stimulation of the two pre-synaptic axons in the diagram below, in which of the two post-synaptic cells will you observe a stronger response? Why? = 5-HT = 5-HT receptor = 5-HTT (transporter)