David R. and Ella M. Cole (ages 39 and 38, respectively) are husband and wife who live at 1820 Elk Avenue, Denver, CO 80202. David is a self-employed consultant specializing in retail management, and Ella is a dental hygienist for a chain of dental clinics. David earned consulting fees of 145,000 in 2018. He maintains his own office and pays for all business expenses. The Coles are adequately covered by the medical plan provided by Ellas employer but have chosen not to participate in its 401(k) retirement plan. Davids employment-related expenses for 2018 are summarized below. The entertainment involved taking clients to sporting and musical events. The business gifts consisted of 50 gift certificates to a national restaurant. These were sent by David during the Christmas holidays to 18 of his major clients. In addition, David drove his 2016 Ford Expedition 11,000 miles for business and 3,000 for personal use during 2018. He purchased the Expedition on August 15, 2015, and has always used the automatic (standard) mileage method for tax purposes. Parking and tolls relating to business use total 340 in 2018. When the Coles purchased their present residence in April 2015, they devoted 450 of the 3,000 square feet of living space to an office for David. The property cost 440,000 (40,000 of which is attributable to the land) and has since appreciated in value. Expenses relating to the residence in 2018 (except for mortgage interest and property taxes; see below) are as follows: In terms of depreciation, the Coles use the MACRS percentage tables applicable to 39-year nonresidential real property. As to depreciable property (e.g., office furniture), David tries to avoid capitalization and uses whatever method provides the fastest write-off for tax purposes. Ella works at a variety of offices as a substitute when a hygienist is ill or on vacation or when one of the clinics is particularly busy (e.g., prior to the beginning of the school year). Besides her transportation, she must provide and maintain her own uniforms. Her expenses for 2018 appear below. Ellas salary for the year is 42,000, and her Form W-2 for the year shows income tax withholdings of 5,000 (Federal) and 1,000 (state) and the proper amount of Social Security and Medicare taxes. Besides die items already mentioned, die Coles had the following receipts during 2018. For several years, the Coles household has included Davids divorced mother, Sarah, who has been claimed as their dependent. In late December 2017, Sarah unexpectedly died of coronary arrest in her sleep. Unknown to Ella and David, Sarah had a life insurance policy and a savings account (with David as the designated beneficiary of each). In 2017, the Coles purchased two ATVs for 14,000. After several near mishaps, they decided that the sport was too dangerous. In 2018, they sold the ATVs to their neighbor. Additional expenditures for 2018 include: In 2018, the Coles made quarterly estimated tax payments of 6,000 (Federal) and 500 (state) for a total of 24,000 (Federal) and 2,000 (state). Part 1Tax Computation Using the appropriate forms and schedules, compute the Coles Federal income tax for 2018. Disregard the alternative minimum tax (AMT) and various education credits since these items are not discussed until later in the text (Chapters 12 and 13). Relevant Social Security numbers are: The Coles do not want to contribute to the Presidential Election Campaign Fund. Also, they want any overpayment of tax refunded to them and not applied toward next years tax liability. David will have a self-employment tax liability; refer to Exhibit 13 9 in Chapter 13 to compute this liability. Suggested software: ProConnect Tax Online. Part 2Follow-Up Advice Ella has always wanted to pursue a career in nursing. To this end, she has earned a substantial number of college credits on a part-time basis. With Sarah no longer requiring home care, Ella believes that she can now complete her degree by attending college on a full-time basis. David would like to know how Ellas plans will affect their income tax position. Specifically, he wants to know: How much Federal income tax they will save if Ella quits her job. Any tax benefits that might be available from the cost of the education. Write a letter to David addressing these concerns. Note: In making your projections, use the information generated in Part 1 and assume that the year remains 2018. Also disregard any consideration of the educational tax credits (i.e., American Opportunity and lifetime learning) since they are not discussed until Chapter 13.
