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- 5. Shown below are the first steps in the mechanism of a cysteine protease, which catalyses amide bond hydrolysis in a similar manner as serine proteases. (a) Complete this mechanisms, and (b) sketch the approximate reaction coordinate diagram for this catalyzed reaction relative to the uncatalyzed proteolysis. HN N HN cysteine protease19. Which of the following statements is true for the shown reactions? i C-S-COA CH₂ H₂C-C-OH CH₂ coo W Coo CH₂ C=0 I Acetyl-CoA CH3 x 214 Coo- 1 CH ₂ I CHOH CH3 Y A. Deficiency of oxaloacetate stimulates the formation of X and y B. Insulin signaling stimulates the formation of X and Y C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B3. (а) (coenzyme A), NAD+ (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (oxidized flavin adenine dinu- cleotide), and a five-membered ring for oxidized lipoamide, and using structural formulas outline the reactions for the oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate catalyzed by the aKG dehydrogenase complex. Name the 3 enzymes catalyzing the reactions underlying the conversion of a-ketoglutarate. Using the following abbreviations for cofactors: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate), COASH
- With one mole each of sucrose, and arginine: 1) rank these molecules in order of increasing energy production, 2) describe the metabolic pathways involved in producing ATP for each molecule, 3) approximate (and explain) and the number of Acetyl-Co A molecules that would be generated from each molecule.5. Given the following information tables, determine in which cell type cleavage of the terminal phosphate from ADP yields the greatest actual change in free energy. (Please work in kJ/mol.) TABLE 13-6 Standard Free Energies of Hydrolysis of Some Phosphorylated Compounds and Acetyl-CoA (a Thioester) TABLE 13-5 Total Concentrations of Adenine Nucleotides, Inorganic Phosphate, and Phosphocreatine in Some Cells AG (kJimol) (kcalimol) Concentration (MM) Phosphoenolpyruvate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (+3-phosphoglycerate + P) Phosphocreatine -61.9 -14.8 ATP ADP AMP P, PCr Rat hepatocyte Rat myocyte 49.3 -11.8 3.38 1.32 0.29 4.8 -43.0 -103 8.05 0.93 0.04 8.05 28 ADP (+ AMP + P) -32.8 -7.8 -7.3 Rat neuron 2.59 0.73 0.06 2.72 4.7 ATP (+ ADP + P) Location of -30.5 Human erythrocyte 225 0.25 0.02 1.65 ATP (+ AMP • PP) AMP (+ adenosine P) cleavage is important! 45.6 -10.9 E. coli cell 7.90 1.04 0.82 7.9 -14.2 -34 For erythrocytes the concentrations are those of the cytosol (human erythrocytes lack a…1. Acid phosphatases are an important group of enzymes that can be detected in human bloodserum. Under slightly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), this group of enzymes can hydrolyzebiological phosphate esters as follows:R-O-P-O3-2 + H 2O R-OH + HO-P-O3-2.Acid phosphatases are produced and can be detected in erythrocytes, kidney, spleen, the liver,and prostrate gland. The enzyme from the prostrate gland is clinically important because anincreased activity in the blood is frequently an indication of cancer of the prostrate gland.Tartrate ion can strongly inhibit the phosphatase from the prostrate gland, but not acidphosphatases from other tissues. How can you use the information above to develop a specificprocedure for measuring the activity of the acid phosphatase of the prostrate gland in humanblood serum?
- 2. Consider a preparation that contains all of the enzymes and cofactors needed for fatty acid biosynthesis from added malonyl-CoA and acetyl- COA. a. If [2-H) acetyl-CoA (labeled with deuterium) H-c-C-COA and an excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, how many deuterium atoms are incorporated into each palmitate? What are their locations in the palmitate structure? (Draw an expanded structural formula for palmitate showing the locations of the deuterium atoms (as drawn in acetyl-CoA above). Explain your answer.2. A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with thiamine deficiency and the symptoms include tachycardia, vomiting, convulsions. Laboratory examinations reveal high levels of pyruvate, lactate and a-ketoglutarate. Explain which coenzyme is formed from vitamin B, and its role in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. For that: a) describe the structure of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) and the cofactors that it requires; b) discuss the symptoms which are connected with the thiamine deficiency and its effects on PDH and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; c) explain the changes in the levels of mentioned metabolites in the blood; d) name the deseribed discase,1. Assuming that everything that’s needed to make tripalmitin comes from glucose, how many glucose would be used by adipose tissue in the synthesis of 1 mol tripalmitin? 2. How many ATP would be used (net of produced and used)? 3. If an animal absorbs 35 g glucose (MW = 180 g/mol) from drinking a can of pop, how many grams of tripalmitin (MW = 807 g/mol) can be produced from it in adipose tissue? Please provide only typed answer solution no handwritten solution needed allowed
- 38. The shown reaction is one of the four repeating steps during fatty acid biosynthesis. Which of the following statements is correct? 유 CH3-C-CH₂-C-S-ACP A B OH 유 CH3-C-CH₂-C-5-ACP → A. The small molecule in box A is NADPH + H* B. It is the second reduction reaction during fatty acid biosynthesis C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B5) A certain aerobic organism is able to metabolize the following glycolipid: "CH,OH OH HO OH A. Draw the 2 resulting structures that would occur upon initial hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic bond. B. Calculate how much ATP is formed upon complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of the compound. Assume that no ATP is produced when one mole of the glycosidic bond in the above compound is hydrolyzed. Show calculation below.