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4.2.14 From which of the following studies can cause-and- effect conclusions potentially be drawn? If cause and effect can be determined, explain what may cause what. a. From a random sample of city residents, it was found that those with higher incomes utilize the recycling services significantly more than those with lower incomes. b. Students were randomly assigned to two groups. One listened to music while taking a math test and one group group did not. The one that did not listen to music scored significantly higher on the math test than the other. c. A teacher gave one of his classes a math test while music was playing and another without music playing. The class that did not listen to music scored significantly higher on the math test than the other.

4.2.14 From which of the following studies can cause-and- effect conclusions potentially be drawn? If cause and effect can be determined, explain what may cause what. a. From a random sample of city residents, it was found that those with higher incomes utilize the recycling services significantly more than those with lower incomes. b. Students were randomly assigned to two groups. One listened to music while taking a math test and one group group did not. The one that did not listen to music scored significantly higher on the math test than the other. c. A teacher gave one of his classes a math test while music was playing and another without music playing. The class that did not listen to music scored significantly higher on the math test than the other.

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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**Study 4.2.14** The following text relates to the potential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships in different studies: a. **Study on Recycling and Income:** - **Description:** A random sample of city residents was used to examine the correlation between income levels and the usage of recycling services. The study found that individuals with higher incomes significantly utilized recycling services more than those with lower incomes. - **Analysis:** This is an observational study. Without controlling for other variables, we cannot definitively conclude that higher income causes increased recycling usage; other factors might also play a role. b. **Study on Music and Math Test Performance (Random Assignment):** - **Description:** Students were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group listened to music while taking a math test, while the second group did not. The group without music performed significantly higher on the math test. - **Analysis:** This study uses a controlled experimental design. Since students were randomly assigned to conditions, a cause-and-effect relationship can be suggested: absence of music might cause higher test performance. c. **Study on Music and Math Test Performance (Teacher's Classes):** - **Description:** A teacher administered a math test to one class with music and another class without music. The class without music scored significantly higher. - **Analysis:** While there is a noted difference, since there was no random assignment or control for other factors, causal relationships cannot be firmly established. Pre-existing class differences might account for variations in score. **Conclusion:** Only study b employs a methodology suitable for making potential cause-and-effect conclusions due to its use of random assignment, controlling for outside variables.
Transcribed Image Text:**Study 4.2.14** The following text relates to the potential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships in different studies: a. **Study on Recycling and Income:** - **Description:** A random sample of city residents was used to examine the correlation between income levels and the usage of recycling services. The study found that individuals with higher incomes significantly utilized recycling services more than those with lower incomes. - **Analysis:** This is an observational study. Without controlling for other variables, we cannot definitively conclude that higher income causes increased recycling usage; other factors might also play a role. b. **Study on Music and Math Test Performance (Random Assignment):** - **Description:** Students were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group listened to music while taking a math test, while the second group did not. The group without music performed significantly higher on the math test. - **Analysis:** This study uses a controlled experimental design. Since students were randomly assigned to conditions, a cause-and-effect relationship can be suggested: absence of music might cause higher test performance. c. **Study on Music and Math Test Performance (Teacher's Classes):** - **Description:** A teacher administered a math test to one class with music and another class without music. The class without music scored significantly higher. - **Analysis:** While there is a noted difference, since there was no random assignment or control for other factors, causal relationships cannot be firmly established. Pre-existing class differences might account for variations in score. **Conclusion:** Only study b employs a methodology suitable for making potential cause-and-effect conclusions due to its use of random assignment, controlling for outside variables.
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