4. Which kind of study is generally more effective at blocking confounders?
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![4. Which kind of study is generally more
effective at blocking confounders?
Select one:
a. Experiment
b. Observational study
c. Both are equally good](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fa904d06f-fe7f-4c30-bcd7-2b592e207e26%2Fbf38227c-ec60-40ac-acd0-841757845232%2Fao9n5zj_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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- An advertisement firm is making a new marketing strategy and selling rates are being considered. Samples of selling rates are taken from both theexisting strategy (A) and the new strategy (B) to determine if the new marketing strategy results in an improvement. If 800 of 3200 items were beingsold with the existing strategy, and 365 of 1400 items are being sold with the new one. We want to test that whether the new strategy is superior tothe existing one. According to the hypothesis testing, what is the correct hypothesis along with its result at 90% confidence level?Currently, studies are being done on whether one COVID vaccine (like Pfizer’s) can be mixed and matched with another COVID vaccine (like Moderna’s). So a person could have the first shot of one and the second shot of the other. Let’s say a study was done to try to determine if mixing and matching is as effective as just using one type for both shots. People show up at a clinic on a Saturday (self-selecting), and are first given the Pfizer vaccine, and then the Moderna vaccine 3 weeks later. Suppose the results showed that only 1% of all of the people got COVID. What is a problem with this study? A) There was no random assignment of participants to groups. B) It is observational, and an experiment would have been better due to the potential of confounding. C) There was no control group, i.e. a group to compare the results to. D) All of the aboveA team of researchers would like to determine whether the number of households that use the internet for more than an hour a day is greater in large cities or small towns. To do so, the researchers take two random samples. The first sample consists of randomly selected people who live in cities with more than 500,000 people around the country. The second sample consists of randomly selected people who live in towns with fewer than 20,000 people. Are these samples dependent or independent? Select the correct answer below: O These samples are independent. O These samples are dependent. Not enough information is provided to determine independence.
- 5. A study is planned to assess the effect of a new surgical intervention for gallbladder disease. One hundred patients with gallbladder disease will be randomly assigned to receive either the new surgical intervention or the standard surgical intervention. The efficacy of the new surgical intervention will be measured by the time is takes a patient to return to normal activities, measured in days. Identify the type of study proposed and indicate its specific strengths and weaknesses.25% of the guests staying in a hotel business are German, 30% are Russian, and 22% are Ukrainian tourists. 23% of the tourists are citizens of other countries. Looking at the distribution of those complaining about the hotel's SPA services, 1% of German tourists, 3% of Russian tourists and 2.5% of Ukrainian tourists complained. In addition, it was determined that 1.5% of the tourists with other nationalities complained. Hotel PR promises to book one of the complaining tourists at all costs for the next year. What is the probability that the selected tourist who complains is German?2. A researcher wants to determine which of three advertisements is most likely to encourage teens not to smoke. To assess the impact of each advertisement, she asks a sample of teenagers to view each ad and to rate the ad's effectiveness on a scale of 1 (not at all effective) to 7 (very effective). One ad used words only (no-cues condition), a second ad used a generic abstract picture (generic-cues condition), and a third showed a picture of a teen smoking and coughing (smoking-related cues condition). Fully test the question (5 steps) and determine the effect size. Participant ABCDEFG No Cues 2 3 1 4 4 5 2 T = 21 SS = 12 Generic Cues 5 5 4 5 3 4 2 T1 = 28 SS=8 Smoking- Related Cue 5 6 5 7 6 7 6 T2 = 42 SS = 4 P G = 91 ΣΧ2 = 451
- This research was conducted with Korean adolescents in the Los Angeles area. Would you be willing to generalize the results of this study to Korean adolescents who live in other regions of the country? Why or why not.2. An article in the journal Applied Nutritional Investigation reported the results of a comparison of two different weight-loss programs (Liao, 2007). In the study, obese participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups and the percent of body fat loss was recorded. The soy group, a low-calorie group that ate only soy-based proteins (M= 3.1, s=0.55), while the traditional group, a low-calorie group that received 2/3 of their protein from animal products and 1/3 from plant products (M= 1.9, s=0.45). If sm1-M2 = 0.24, s²pooled = 0.25, n1 = 8, n2 = 10 is there a difference between the two diets. Use alpha of .05 and a two-tailed test to complete the 4 steps of hypothesis testing.) A recent poll surveyed 1587 adults (18 years of age and older, residing in the contiguous United States, contacted by phone from randomly selected homes). Residents who agreed to participate were categorized according to their political party preference (Democrat, Republican or other) and their gender (male or female). To make life easier, we’ll focus on the responses from the south (37% of the sample or 588 people). Our question is about the “Gender Gap” in American politics (the gender gap is described as differences in voting preferences for men and women). Is voting preference independent of gender? What test should you use and why?
- The Consumer Reports Restaurant Customer Satisfaction Survey is based upon 148,599 visits to full-service restaurant chains (Consumer Reports website). One of the variables in the study is meal price, the average amount paid per person for dinner and drinks, minus the tip. Suppose a reporter for the Sun Coast Times thought that it would be of interest to her readers to conduct a similar study for restaurants located on the Grand Strand section in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. The reporter selected a sample of 8 seafood restaurants, 8 Italian restaurants, and 8 steakhouses. The following data show the meal prices ($) obtained for the 24 restaurants sampled. Use a = 0.05 to test whether there is a significant difference among the mean meal price for the three types of restaurants. Source Sum of Squares Degrees Mean Square F P-value of Variation (to whole number) of Freedom (to 2 decimals) (to 2 decimals) (to 4 decimals) X X (X) * X * * Treatments Error Total The p-value is less than 0.01…4. To determine whether dogs prefer a specific brand of dog food to that of a competitor, market researchers are working with a local dog shelter to randomly select dogs for participation in a study. All randomly selected dogs are put into a large room with two bowls of food — one with their brand and another with the competitor's brand. The first two dogs immediately go for the dog food containing their ingredient, so the researchers stop the experiment, concluding this is enough evidence that their product will sell the most. Is this a good experiment and conclusion? State reasons for your explanation, and what you would do differently?16) Tartar is a combination of plaque and minerals from saliva that harden on the surface of teeth. A dentist plans to conduct a study to investigate the following claim made by a toothpaste manufacturer. Toothpaste L is less effective at preventing tartar buildup on teeth than Toothpaste M. The dentist will randomly assign 200 volunteers to use one of two toothpastes, with 100 assigned to use Toothpaste L each day and the remaining 100 assigned to use Toothpaste M each day. Before the study begins, each person will receive a teeth cleaning to remove any tartar buildup. After one month, the dentist will measure the tartar buildup of each person and the number of people who have tartar buildup will be recorded for each toothpaste. The following segmented bar graph shows the results of the study. Toothpaste L 85 15 Tartar buildup O No tartar buildup Toothpaste M 68 32 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Relative Frequency a) For the 200 volunteers in the study, is there support for the manufacturer's…
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