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- Hepatitis B and Pancreatic Cancer. The article “Study Links Hepatitis B and Cancer of Pancreas” by D. Grady, appeared in the September 29, 2008 issue of the NewYork Times. It reported that, for the first time, a study showed that people with pancreatic cancer are more likely than those without the disease to have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. The study by M. Hassan et al., titled “Association Between Hepatitis B Virus and Pancreatic Cancer” (Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol. 26, No. 28, pp. 4557–4562) compared 476 people who had pancreatic cancer with 879 healthy control subjects. All were tested to see whether they had ever been infected with the viruses that cause hepatitis B or hepatitis C. The results were that no connection was found to hepatitis C, but the cancer patients were twice as likely as the healthy subjects to have had hepatitis B. The researchers noted, however, that “. . . while the study showed an association, it did not prove cause and effect. More work…Since this research focuses on sleep habits in college students and its effect on mental health, we have proposed the research question to be what the prevalence of college student's mental health issues are due to poor sleeping habits.Previous research has shown that anxiety and depression can be two indicators of poor sleep habits in college students (Becker et al., 2018). As mentioned before, college students are also at risk of developing poor sleep habits because, as freshmen, they transition into a more significant workload than they are accustomed to doing. They are also given more freedom with their time. So, we predict a relationship between mental health and low amounts of sleep-in students. In contrast, the alternative outcome is that there will be no mental health problems arising as students lose sleep for long periods. Since getting good sleep allows us to function better throughout our days, we will likely see the impact bad quality and quantity of sleep will have on…Please answer a-d. Thanks!
- Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 166 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptoatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period, patients were asked if they experienced improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summized below. We want to test if there is a difference in the improvement rates of sinusitis symptoms between the treatment and the placebo.(a) Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses(b) Calculate the test statistic and find the P-value(c) Please check the conditions required to do the test above.Captivity can influence immunological responses in some mammals. Seeber et al. (2020) investigated various aspects of immunological responses in captive and free-ranging zebras. One aspect of the study involved samples of 12 free-ranging zebras from Namibia, 9 from Tanzania, and 38 captive zebras from various zoos in Europe. (All of these were non-lactating females.) One of the measured variables from blood samples was lysozyme concentration (μg/L). (Lysozyme is a biomarker of the immune response.) The researchers were interested in investigating possible differences in lysozyme concentration between zebras in the various locations. As part of the analysis, they carried out a one-way ANOVA on the lysozyme concentrations for the zebras from the 3 locations, and found the following output. Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F) Location 2 50.65 25.33 42.24 6.54e-12Residuals 56 33.57 0.60 Suppose the assumptions of one-way ANOVA…5. Dementia is a common mental health problem affecting those over 65. It is believed that of those that have dementia, 31% worsen in mental cognition. Acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) is a drug that is used to determine if it will be beneficial with those with dementia. In a clinical trial, 98 patients are given the drug and their cognition is observed. Of the 98 patients, only 28 worsened. Construct a test to determine whether ALC decreased the proportion of patients who worsen from dementia. a) State the null and alternative hypotheses. b) Find the test statistic. Round to two decimal places. c) Find the p-value. Round to four decimal places. d) What is your decision at a 1% significance?
- Read the journal excerpt below:Exposure to light at night suppresses the physiologic production of melatonin, a hormone that has antiproliferative effects on intestinal cancers. Although observational studies have associated night-shift work with an increased risk of breast cancer, the effect of night-shift work on the risk of other cancers is not known. We examined the relationship between working rotating night shifts and the risk of colorectal cancers among female participants in the Nurses’ Health Study. We documented 602 incident cases of colorectal cancer among 78 586 women who were followed up from 1988 through 1998. Compared with women who never worked rotating night shifts, women who worked 15 years or more on rotating night shifts were 1.35 times more likely to develop colorectal cancer (95% CI = 1.03 to 1.77), adjusting for confounders. These data suggest that working a rotating night shift at least three nights per month for 15 or more years may increase the risk of…A study investigated the joint effects of sleep quality and sleep duration on the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). A total of 60,586 individuals aged 40 and older with no current or prior history of CHD were enrolled into the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on sleep quality and duration at the start of the study, and 43,910 participants reported getting ³6 hours of sleep per day. Participants were followed for approximately 12 years, for a total of 152,000 person-years among those getting <6 hours sleep/day and 527,000 person-years among those getting ³6 hours sleep/day. Out of 2,740 participants who developed CHD throughout follow-up, 721 participants reported getting <6 hours of sleep per day at baseline. Question 10: What is the incidence rate of coronary heart disease among all participants in the study?When two independent variables produce effects when combined that would not be present if each independent variables was manipulated in a separate study, we say that there is O no main effect. O only a measured variable an interaction. O a planned comparison. rist and Stangor (2001) studied prejudice and found that you can't predict a person's behavior toward minorities on the basis of whether they are high or low
- A study was conducted in Thailand to study the association between Vitamin A deficiency and death among children with measles. A summary of their data is provided below. Which of the following statements is true? Died Did not die Have Vitamin deficiency 20 20 Do not have vitamin deficiency 25 100 Those without vitamin D deficiency are more likely to die than those with Vitamin D deficiency There is no association between Vitamin D deficiency and death Those with Vitamin D deficiency are more likely to die than those without Vitamin D deficiency None of these answers are coResearchers have noted a decline in cognitive functioning as people age (Bartus, 1990). However, the results from other research suggest that the antioxidants in foods such as blueberries may reduce and even reverse these age-related declines (Joseph et al., 1999). To examine this phenomenon, suppose that a researcher obtains a sample of n = 16 adults who are between the ages of 65 and 75. The researcher uses a standardized test to measure cognitive performance for each individual. The participants then begin a 2-month program in which they receive daily doses of a blueberry supplement. At the end of the 2-month period, the researcher again measures cognitive performance for each participant. The results show an average increase in performance of MD = 7.4 with SS = 1215. Does this result support the conclusion that the antioxidant supplement has a significant effect on cognitive performance? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05. Show your computations.A team of epidemiologists at the Mayo Clinic wanted to find whether there is an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). They conducted a prospective cohort study following obese and non-obese individuals who were free of CVD at the beginning of study for five years. The investigators were also interested in assessing age as a potential confounder, effect modifier, or both. Use the data below to answer the accompanying questions. CVD No CVD Total Obese 10 90 100 Not Obese 35 465 500 Total 45 555 600 CVD No CVD Total Obese 36 164 200 Not Obese 25 175 200 Total 61 339 400 1. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were less than age 50. 2. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were older or equal to age 50. 3. Compute the crude measure of association? 4. List three attributes that age must satisfy before it could…