4. Copy Table 4.1 to your notebooks and fill it in.214Chapter 4. Structure and functions of biological membranes. Cell signaling pathwaysTable 4.1. Adenylyl cyclase and phosphatidylinositol 4',5'-bisphosphate (PIP) signaling pathwaysStructure and FunctionAdenylylInesitol phosphatesystemsyclase systemAn example of the primary messengerIntegral membrane protein, complementary binding the primarymessenger primaryProtein, activating the enzyme of the signaling systemSystem enzyme, forming the secondary messenger(s)Secondary messenger(s) of the systemCytosolic enzyme(s), interacting with the secondary messengerRegulatory mechanisms (specific to the system) of the metabolicenzyme activityMechanisms of the secondary messenger's concentrationdecrease in the targeted cellThe cause of the membrane enzyme activity decrease (specific tothe system)umem

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Biology 2e

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Chapter9: Cell Communication

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Problem 12RQ: Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway...

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214 Chapter 4. Structure and functions of biological membranes. Cell signaling pathways Table 4.1. Adenylyl cyclase and phosphatidylinositol 4',5'-bisphosphate (PIP,) signaling pathways Structure and Function Adenylyl cyclase system Inositol phosphate system An example of the primary messenger Integral membrane protein, complementary binding the primary messenger primary Protein, activating the enzyme of the signaling system System enzyme, forming the secondary messenger(s) Secondary messenger(s) of the system Cytosolic enzyme(s), interacting with the secondary messenger Regulatory mechanisms (specific to the system) of the metabolic enzyme activity Mechanisms of the secondary messenger's concentration decrease in the targeted cell The cause of the membrane enzyme activity decrease (specific to the system) sumem
Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.
Calcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b) split calmodulin (c) are kept at higher concentration in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid (d) are produced in the ER by protein kinases and protein phosphatases (e) typically terminate signaling cascades
The basic elements or molecules of cell signaling I. second messengers - substances that enhances or inhibits activities of other proteins II. effectors - are usually enzymes that catalyzes formation of the second messenger III. receptors - cell membrane transmembrane proteins that interacts with ligands outside the cell IV. first messengers - usually are ligands outside the cell and interacts with transmembrane protein receptors I, III, IV only II, III, IV only I, II, III, IV I, II, III only
3 of 16 Which statement about the IP3 DAG pathway is false? O Diacylglycerol can act as a second messenger. Inositol trisphosphate can act as a second messenger. O Protein kinase C can phosphorylate a wide variety of proteins. O Inositol trisphosphate remains bound to the membrane after phospholipase C catalyzes its formation. Inositol trisphosphate can open ion channels in the membraņes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, releasing calcium into the cytoplasm.
Which statements are true? Explain why or why not.1 All second messengers are water-soluble and dif-fuse freely through the cytosol.2 In the regulation of molecular switches, proteinkinases and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)always turn proteins on, whereas protein phosphatasesand GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) always turn pro-teins off.3 Most intracellular signaling pathways providenumerous opportunities for amplifying the responses toextracellular signals.4 Binding of extracellular ligands to receptor tyro-sine kinases (RTKs) activates the intracellular catalyticdomain by propagating a conformational change acrossthe lipid bilayer through a single transmembrane α helix.5 Protein tyrosine phosphatases display exquisitespecificity for their substrates, unlike most serine/thre-onine protein phosphatases, which have rather broadspecificity.6 Even though plants and animals independentlyevolved multicellularity, they use virtually all the same sig-naling proteins and second…
In biological tissues, what is the average concentration of cell signaling chemicals? Strictly no plagiarism.
Opiods cause ligand-gated K+ channels to open and move with their concentration gradient from high to low (into or out) Blank 1. Fill in the blank. of the cell, causing the membrane potential to (hyperpolarize or depolarize) Blank 2. Fill in the blank. Fill in the blank using one of the options in the parenthesis
N Signal Sequence The schematic above depicts a protein with the indicated signaling sequences along its length. Based on these signaling sequences what type of protein is this? N-X-S/T there is not enough information to determine A secreted peptide hormone A lysosomal hydrolase A glycoprotein
Model 3: Facilitated Diffusion Area shown in more detail Glucose xml Gated channel Hormones Hormone binding site 18. Which part of the cell membrane is shown in more detail in Model 3? 19. What is the gap between the proteins called? 20. What type of molecules attach to the protein?
5 of 16 What is the timecourse for the cell signalling mechanism evoked by ligand gated ion channel receptors? O Days. Hours. Milliseconds. Seconds. Microseconds.
Why are steroids able to diffuse across the plasma membrane? Their transport protein moves them through the membrane They are amphipathic, allowing them to interact with the entire phospholipid Cells express channels that let hormones flow down their concentration gradient into the cells They are non-polar molecules.

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