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1.create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer?With image
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- 1.create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer? With imag1. Brief introduction which introduces ALP as a diagnostic tool in cancer and create Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer?1. A brief intrwhich introduces ALP as a diagnostic tool in cancer and create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer?
- What is/are the role/s of molecular techniques in understanding cancer? Cite some references from the web.1. Explain BRIEFLY whether each of the following conditions will increase or decrease the chance of cancer: a. a mutation in the promoter region of a tumor suppressor gene that results in that gene being overexpressed (assume that the cell is heterozygous for the mutation) b. a mutation in the promoter region of a protooncogene that results in that gene being overexpressed (assume that the cell is heterozygous for the mutation) c. a homozygous mutation that completely eliminates the coding region of a protooncogene d. a homozygous mutation that completely eliminates the coding region of a tumor suppressor gene e. a heterozygote where one allele is the mutant allele described in (c), the other allele being wild type f. a heterozygote where one allele is the mutant allele described in (d), the other allele being wild typeFigure 17.15 In 2011, the United States Preventative Services Task Force recommended against using the PSA test to screen healthy men for prostate cancer. Their recommendation is based on evidence that screening does not reduce the risk of death from prostate cancer. Prostate cancer often develops very slowly and does not cause problems, while the cancer treatment can have severe side effects. The PCA3 test is considered to be more accurate, but screening may still result in men who would not have been harmed by the cancer itself suffering side effects from treatment. What do you think? Should all healthy men be screened for prostate cancer using the PCA3 or PSA test? Should people in general be screened to find out if they have a genetic risk for cancer or other diseases?
- 2. For a fictional human tissue, it is hypothesised that cancer stem cells have the following expression pattern of cell surface markers (CD44+/CD24+/ESA+). Flow cytometry was used to isolate this population of cells. COMM CD24 ESA 1% Tumour volume (cm³) a) In the flow cytometry experiment, explain how to determine what percentage of the total cell population are the putative cancer stem cells. Also, briefly describe two controls that should be included in the experimental design. (30%) 3.01 2.5- +602 In a follow-up experiment, sorted and unsorted cells were injected subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. The following plot depicts the results from the experiment. 2.0- 1.5- 1.0- CD24 0.5- ESA 37% • Unsorted CD44+/CD24+/ESA+ CD44+/CD24-/ESA- Time (weeks) 10 121. Describe & explain the pathophysiology of cancer based on the diagram. Reference: https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/cancer-etiology-pathophysiology-types-diagnosis-and- treatment/ Acquired (environmental) DNA damaging agents: • chemical • radiation viruses Activation of growth- promoting oncogenes NORMAL CELL DNA Damage Failure of DNA repair Mutations in the genome of somatic cells Alteration of genes that regulate apoptosis Malignant neoplasm / Successful DNA repair CANCER Inherited mutations: • Genes affecting DNA repair • Genes affecting cell growth Expression of altered gene products and loss of regulatory gene products Inactivation of cancer suppresor genes Clonal expansion Additional mutations (progression) T HeterogeneityFor many years, targeted therapies for cancer treatment continue to be developed, however more and more patients are developing resistance to targeted therapies. Discuss one mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies for cancer and provide an example of how might creatively combat it using clinical concepts.
- 1. True or Flase: Cells must only divide when they receive a signal to divide. 2. BRCA1 is a gene that codes for a tumor suppressor protein. If a person inherits a mutation in BRCA1, it greatly increases his or her risk of developing breast cancer. Are the cancer-causing mutations in the BRCA1 gene more likely to: a) increase expression of the gene b)decrease expression of the gene c)not affect the expression of the geneWhy is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Please list item by item. Explain in detail the main findings.2. The TP53 gene normally functions as a tumor suppressor by preventing abnormal cell growth but is commonly found mutated in cancer cells, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth. You plan to use genetic tools to remove mutated TP53 from plasma cells. Answer the following questions. B) Is ex vivo or in vivo gene therapy/editing most appropriate? Explain why.