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Theories Study Guide Jackie Rowe SOCW-6060: Social Work Theory and Clinical Practice Dr. Fullmer November 12, 2023

Systems Theory Basic Assumptions of the Theory Directions: For each section, respond in 2 to 3 sentences to the following prompts. Where relevant, provide citations to support your claims. Name of theory General systems theory (GST) is the theory I will use this week. There are multiple systems theory models, but general systems theory is easily adaptable to many situations, especially families. Name of theorist Ludwig von Bertalanffy is the theorist who developed general systems theory. He began researching and writing about GST in the mid-1950s (Issitt, 2022). Since Ludwig von Bertalanffy created the GST model, many other researchers have worked to continue its development and advancement so that it applies to the world we live in today. What are the major assumptions of the theory? GST assumes that we are all involved in multiple systems regularly. GST attempts to holistically explain the behavior of individuals and society within the framework of systems and subsystems while identifying components of each system that keep them stable (Turner, 2017). We can assume that every larger system is made up of smaller sub-systems. What are the theory’s key concepts? GST looks for patterns of behavior within larger systems. Systems can be defined as an interrelated set of components that have a relationship with one another (Ritzer, 2004). GST assumes that the individual has a certain level of control over the systems they interact with. What is the theory’s focus or unit of analysis? GST focuses on a person's involvement within the various systems they are involved in. Systems can be friends, church, coworkers, families, and school. GST is goal-oriented, so evaluating progress or achievement of goals is one way to analyze or measure success. What is the theory’s overall explanation for the cause of problems? GST allows a social worker to look holistically at the client and identify situations and problems within the client's environment to understand better the client's hardships (Issitt, 2022). When using GST, social workers look at the whole picture to help clients identify their underlying needs and strengths. Application to a Case Study: Ella Directions: For each section, respond to the following prompts. Where relevant, provide citations to support your claims. In 1 to 2 sentences, how does the theory define the client’s presenting problem? Ella presents multiple problems; most recently, she was homeless and court-ordered to complete a residential program. Before becoming homeless, Ella experienced physical and emotional abuse at her father's hands, leading her to leave home. In 1 to 2 sentences, how does the theory explain the cause of the client’s presenting problem? When looking at Ella’s case, everything changed within her family system when her father lost his job and began drinking excessively. In 1 to 2 sentences, how does the theory explain the role of the social worker for this client? The social worker can help provide case management services for Ella. She can also help facilitate some family therapy between Ella and her mother. The social worker may also be able to work with both parents to provide domestic violence and substance abuse services. In 1 to 2 sentences, what does the theory say about how this client will improve or how change will

occur? Intervention should be goal-oriented, using all available resources to help clients achieve their goals (Turner, 2017). Evaluating Ella’s behaviors within her various systems and environments and applying a cognitive therapy intervention will allow Ella to see what things need to be improved upon. Using the theory, list two to three (2–3) assessment questions to ask this client to explore the client’s goals and how they will get there. Asking Ella about her goals after she finishes her GED will be necessary. It will also be important to explore with Ella how she will take care of herself and provide for herself if she is not reunited with at least her mother so she does not end up homeless again. It will be imperative to explore options for stable housing with Ella, such as extended family members or supportive housing for youth exiting foster care. According to the theory, identify two to three (2–3) specific practice intervention strategies for the client relative to the presenting problem. For each, explain in 1 sentence how it will help meet the client’s goals. If Ella and her mother are willing, they would benefit from participating in family therapy to help repair their relationship. This would allow Ella, at the least, to have her mother as a support as she completes her residential treatment program and exits care. Ella would benefit from job readiness training once she completes her schooling. Using a cognitive-based approach to therapy will allow Ella to recognize her behavior patterns within the systems she is involved in. Based on the theory, list two to three (2–3) outcomes when analyzing whether an intervention is effective. To know if the interventions applied to Ella were effective, she will be stably housed upon discharge from the residential treatment program for at least one year. Ella will complete job training and be stably employed for a year. Ella will also need to decide one way or another about a relationship with her mother, and therapy will help her with this decision. We will know if this was successful based on self-reports from Ella on the quality of her relationship with her mother. What is one strength and one limitation in using this theory for this client? A strength of GST is that it allows us to examine Ella within her environment and the different systems she is involved in. It allows us to link her with many different resources. Her father's drinking and abuse significantly impacted Ella. However, GST assumes that she has been impacted by all systems she is involved in when it was only one system with the most significant influence over her. Attachment Theory Name of theory Attachment theory Author or founder British Psychiatrist John Bowlby. Mary Ainsworth later joined him. Historical origin of theory John Bowlby derived attachment theory from Freudian Theory. He presented his theory to the Psychoanalytical Society over three lectures between 1957 and 1959. Bowlby began researching attachment theory in the 30s. Mary Ainsworth began working with John Bowlby ’50s. Basic assumptions Attachment theory assumes that humans have, as early as birth, an innate sense of safety and protection from caregivers. We are born pre-programmed to form attachments for survival.

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Underlying assumptions Attachment theory believes that what happens to us early in life affects our behaviors and choices later in life. Key concepts Some key concepts of attachment theory are the quality of caregiving and outside influence on the attachments formed. We should also look at all attachments formed, not just those with caregivers. There are four stages of attachment: pre-attachment, indiscriminate, discriminate, and multiple attachments. The last part of attachment theory to consider is the four patterns of attachment: ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized, and secure attachment (Turner, 2017). Foci/unit of analysis The unit of analysis in attachment theory includes looking at the quality of attachments a child has formed. Observing how we interact with others is also a way to measure attachments. Philosophical or conceptual framework Mr. Bowlby based much of his theory on Freud's views on psycho- sexual drive, noting that these fantasies are rooted in the development of personality, social relationships, and all other aspects of human development (Turner, 2017). Strengths of theory Attachment theory can provide a glimpse into what drives a person's behavior by examining a client's attachment to their caregivers, especially their mother. Limitations of theory Attachment Theory has many limitations. For example, more research is needed to know how great of an effect an adverse childhood event may have on the ability to form meaningful attachments later in childhood and into adulthood (Turner,2017). Common criticisms One significant criticism of attachment theory is that there is the assumption that babies only form attachments with the mother when there is plenty of opportunity for babies to form these attachments with other family members. The Mother is assumed to be the primary caretaker; therefore, it was believed that she is the only attachment a baby or small child can form. Attachment theory does not consider cultural norms, socioeconomic status, gender, or race. There needs to be more research to understand how culture shapes and influences a person’s attachment (Turner, 2017). When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model Anyone who works with children, such as teachers, social workers, and therapists, should understand attachment theory. This will allow them to assess a child’s interaction with their caregiver to see attachment behaviors or lack of attachment. This would allow the clinician to gain insight into the child's frame of mind and gauge their emotional well-being. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles Attachment theory aligns with the social worker's code of ethics. Attachment theory ensures that young children and babies have a secure attachment with at least one caretaker. This helps ensure their emotional and physical well-being. This is consistent with the goals and values of social work to promote one's well-being. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical Through observations, attachment theory can measure a child's temperament and response to social situations (McLeod, 2023).

principles Children come in all different shapes and sizes; working with children should never be a one-size-fits-all approach. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Attachment theory takes a developmental approach and views certain behaviors as essential to forming attachments. Behaviors can either help us maintain relationships long term, or they can create a situation where we become dependent on the behavior and have insecure attachments (Bretherton, 1992). Attachment theory asserts that secure parent/child attachments lead to healthy attachments with spouses, friends, coworkers, and everyone around us later in life. Implications for social work practice As mentioned, attachment theory aligns with social workers' code of ethics. Attachment theory stresses the importance of relationships and healthy attachments. Because of the importance placed on relationships, it is also imperative to understand human behavior and child development. It can be easy to forget sometimes that these early experiences in life do shape how we grow, learn, and develop later in life. Role Theory Name of theory Role Theory Author or founder George Herbert Mead, Ralph Linton, Erving Goffman, and Robert Merton collaborated to develop role theory. Historical origin of theory Ralph Linton was a sociologist, and George Herbert Mead was a social psychologist. They collaborated and are credited with creating role theory, though many others also researched similar topics. Roles were defined as mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, husbands, wives, and grandparents (Biddle, 2003). Basic assumptions Our behaviors are primarily dictated by the roles we hold within society; every role is attached to a status within society, and every status is attached to a role (Turner, 2006). Underlying assumptions All societal roles come with duties, expectations, and rights attached to them. Alone with these expectations also come expected behaviors and socially acceptable norms. Key concepts Role theory is believed to have three main concepts: social position and role, required and sanctioned roles, and roles within social organizations or interactions (Turner,2017). Foci/unit of analysis The unit of analysis is how the roles operate within communities and workplaces. Another unit of analysis would be to consider how people with power allow their power to influence themselves. Philosophical or conceptual framework Role theory defines how we are expected to act in social situations and how others observing our behaviors perceive those behaviors (Turner, 2017). Strengths of theory Role theory can be used in various situations to help the social worker and client determine what is happening and a potential solution. Additionally, we can use role theory in our personal lives

to help ourselves and others in our lives (Biddle, 2003). Role theory can help us figure out our roles when social roles become confusing. Limitations of theory As with any theory, role theory has limitations. Role theory has little to no consideration for personality and character traits that might affect our behaviors. Instead, role theory dictates our behaviors by expecting us to conform to certain expectations of our role (Turner, 2006). Due to many factors, no two people will ever act or display the same behaviors because we have all had different experiences and personalities. Social situations can be very complex, and role theory does not consider this; it can be virtually impossible to guess how a person might react to different situations. Common criticisms Like most things in life, Role theory is not exempt from criticism. Role theory places more emphasis on conforming to role expectations than it does on questioning social policies (Jackson, 1998). Social workers are trained to advocate for change when there is a need. It seems unreasonable to expect individuals to conform to these standards when the policies need to change. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model Role theory is useful among individuals, families, and even groups when there is uncertainty about specific roles a person is expected to fulfill. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles Role theory can help social workers understand the various roles a client may assume in their lives. To that same tune, it can help the clients understand their different roles for themselves and their support systems. Social workers are supposed to place an emphasis on human relationships and acknowledge the importance of these relationships. Social workers are taught to seek out ways to help strengthen the relationships to help improve the well-being of individuals, families, groups, communities, and organizations (Code of Ethics: English, n.d.). The overall goal of social workers is to promote the well-being of the individual and society. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles When comparing role theory with the social worker's code of ethics, they are compatible when considering how the theory helps preserve a person's dignity and worth. Social workers use values, ethical principles, and professional standards to ensure that conflict is resolved between individuals and society in a way that will hopefully satisfy both (Code of Ethics: English, n.d.). Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Role theory informs research by identifying people's expectations for various roles. On the other side of the spectrum, role theory can be utilized to examine how a person's behavior affects their roles. This can allow researchers and social workers to examine how people participate in society.

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Implications for social work practice Role Theory allows the social worker and client to collaborate to form a plan for personal and social change by completing assessments (Turner, 2017). Social workers are change agents, always striving to improve the quality of life for those they serve. Crisis Theory Name of theory Crisis Theory Author or founder Two psychiatrists, Eric Lindemann and Gerald Caplan, developed crisis theory (Turner, 2017). Historical origin of theory In 1944, Lindemann developed the framework and symptomology for crisis (Turner, 2017). Caplan also built off Lindemann’s framework by expanding on the research of life transitions and traumatic events (Turner, 2017). The pair both initially focused on grief for the development of crisis theory. Basic assumptions Human activity is the driving force behind changes in our environments. Crisis theory views people and situations from a systems viewpoint. This means that crisis comprises many parts of a system and results from our complicated interactions within these systems (James & Gilliland, 2016). Furthermore, Crisis theory suggests that we must examine the context in which crisis arises to comprehend fully how and why it occurred. Underlying assumptions When responding to emergencies, social workers must take a comprehensive approach when reacting and comprehending the emergencies that affect our clients (James & Gilliland, 2016). The fundamental premise of crisis theory is that crises are complex events that can potentially change a wide range of circumstances. Key concepts Key concepts of crisis theory are the hazardous event, the vulnerable event, the precipitating factor, the state of active crisis, and crisis resolution or the reintegration stage (Turner, 2017). Foci/unit of analysis The safety of individuals is of utmost importance, and early intervention is essential. Philosophical or conceptual framework Using a crisis theory framework covers all crisis prevention, management, and resolution (Thompson, 2020). Strengths of theory The crisis theory also aids in identifying the nature of crises and the interventions that may be most helpful in facilitating recovery (Thompson, 2020). Crisis theory has the social worker focusing on all the stages of crisis and allows the social worker to develop individualized treatment interventions. Limitations of theory Crisis theory has remained stagnant for many years now. Crisis theory comprises many different theories rather than just one theory; thus, there is little research into the effectiveness of crisis interventions (Thompson, 2020). Common criticisms The inability of crisis theory to adapt—the theory is incredibly static

in nature—is one of its most serious flaws. Concerns have also been raised about cultural competency due to the literature's lack of focus on cultural considerations (Thompson, 2020). When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model The use of crisis intervention seems to be most appropriate for populations that are constantly stressed out, people who have been sexually assaulted in the past, people whose lives are constantly in danger of ending in suicide, and clients who are exposed to stressors that are beyond their capacity to cope (Thompson, 2020). Consistency of theory/model with social work principles Crisis intervention utilizes a strengths perspective critical to all social work practice, thus helping individuals recognize their strengths and identify resources and supports within their environment (Turner, 2017). The NASW's guiding principles for social work are consistent with the crisis theory. For instance, social workers are expected to uphold the value of service according to the NASW Code of Ethics. In order to assist those in need and deal with the social issues affecting individuals and communities, social workers use their knowledge, skills, and values ( Code of Ethics: English , n.d.). The crisis theory is frequently applied in these circumstances because communities can encounter crises related to homelessness and the weather, which is also related to the value of social justice in the NASW Code of Ethics. "Social workers work to promote social change, particularly in partnership with and on behalf of marginalized and oppressed people and groups. Poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other social injustices are the main topics of social workers' efforts to effect social change ( Code of Ethics: English , n.d.). Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles Reviewing ethical principles and crisis theory reveals a good fit. The idea that people help one another when they are in need is central to the crisis theory. Crisis theory respects people’s autonomy, is conscious of their needs, and enables them to participate in decision- making. Additionally, the theory emphasizes confidentiality and privacy, which are also emphasized in the NASW Code of Ethics ( Code of Ethics: English , n.d.). Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Critical incident stress debriefings are created using research methods incorporating crisis theory's theoretical concepts. Then, these debriefing groups go over the incidents that happened, work through the reactions that were felt, offer psychoeducation about the reaction to trauma and coping mechanisms, engage in mutual aid and problem-solving supports to hold practice self-care, and when necessary, provide referrals for more in-depth services (Turner, 2017). Implications for social work practice People may feel more vulnerable than usual and be unable to recognize the recent crisis as it arises if they are unable to resolve earlier crises (James & Gilliland, 2016). The crisis theory emphasizes how crucial it is for people to move past their crisis experiences to deal with the emotions and new circumstances they

have brought about. Cognitive Behavior Theory Name of theory Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) Author or founder Aaron Beck Historical origin of theory "Three Waves of Behavior Therapy" introduced CBT behavior modification therapies like stimulus control, exposure, and modeling approaches to segment groups during the first wave (Turner, 2017). Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis, and Donald Meichenbaum influenced the second wave, which included cognitive strategies such as rational emotive therapies, problem-solving, thought-stopping, and stress management (Turner,2017). Finally, the controversial third wave is based on behavioral treatments such as acceptance and commitment, dialectical therapy, and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (Turner, 2017). Basic assumptions Changing your thoughts can change how you feel (Turner, 2017). Underlying assumptions CBT entails recognizing, questioning, and changing your thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs about your behavioral and emotional reactions to specific situations. Key concepts Individuals can identify disturbing thoughts and shift to create new memories when they become aware of their thought patterns. By recognizing thinking distortions, viewing thoughts as ideas about what is happening rather than facts, and stepping back from their thinking to consider situations from various angles, people can learn how to reduce emotional problems during CBT (Rector, 2010). Foci/unit of analysis The standard unit of analysis is the individual or group receiving CBT. Philosophical or conceptual framework According to Leder (2017): "The CBT model is theoretically based on the idea that all internal and external stimuli are filtered through meaning-making cognitive schemas." Identifying dysfunctional or maladaptive thoughts and beliefs and replacing them with more adaptive cognitive interpretations is the aim of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (Leder, 2017). Strengths of theory The main benefit of CBT is that it not only aids in resolving current problems or symptoms but also teaches new skills and approaches that can be applied to similar problems or symptoms in the future. Focusing on individual thoughts, testing, measuring, addressing the cause of the issue, being evidence-based, and being affordable are additional advantages of CBT. Limitations of theory The CBT process necessitates a dedication to the therapeutic alliance; some clients may find the homework assigned outside sessions taxing. CBT might not be suitable for people with more severe mental health diagnoses. Because CBT can be confrontational, but it is occasionally perceived as overly forceful. Some claim that the focus of CBT is relatively limited because it

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only addresses our emotions or behaviors and ignores other aspects of who we are as humans, such as our cognitive abilities (Rector, 2010). Common criticisms Theorists like Skinner and Wolpe contend that using techniques based on cognition can divert attention away from behavior therapies and that relying too heavily on cognition results in the abandonment of individual behavioral analysis (Turner, 2017). According to Turner (2017), CBT also assumes that reorganizing one's statements will lead to reorganizing behaviors. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model When used with people who have been diagnosed with PTSD, depression, or eating disorders, CBT is helpful. Additionally useful in the treatment of substance abuse is CBT. When combined with other therapies, such as psychiatric drugs, or used alone, CBT is effective (Turner, 2017). Consistency of theory/model with social work principles By examining a person's experiences, thoughts, and behaviors, as well as the effects of those negative behaviors in the client's immediate environment, CBT aims to explain human behavior. This relates to the NASW Code of Ethics' principle of self-determination, which states that social workers must respect and uphold clients' rights and support them to define and clarify their goals. Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles Accepting cultural beliefs, utilizing culturally relevant strengths and supports, and validating clients' experiences of oppression are all examples of how well CBT fits ethical principles. The ethical principle of the importance of human relationships, which states that social workers should support efforts to strengthen interpersonal bonds in order to advance, maintain, and improve the well-being of their clients, families, and social networks, can also be linked to CBT (National Association of Social Workers, 2022). Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Interventions that support people in changing their behavior can be created using CBT. CBT can be a useful research tool in social work because it can be used to explain why people behave in certain ways (Turner, 2017). CBT has aided in developing interventions for assisting people affected by traumatic events, such as natural disasters (Rector, 2010). CBT contributes to studying many subjects in social work research, such as stress management, trauma recovery, and job satisfaction (Rector, 2010). Implications for social work practice Social workers can better understand their clients' needs by being mindful and present with them when using CBT, according to Leder (2017). Social workers can then work with clients to create interventions and treatment goals that are more tailored to their needs and more successful. In addition, CBT enables social workers to identify and address any underlying problems contributing to the client's present situation (Leder, 2017). When CBT is used, social workers can serve clients effectively and efficiently. Additionally, CBT encourages social workers and clients to collaborate, which is essential in practice that is time-sensitive and structured.

Feminist Theory Name of theory Feminist theory Author or founder Mary Wollstonecraft Historical origin of theory The feminist theory first appeared in the 18th century due to battles for women's rights. Feminist theory was introduced in three waves. In the first wave, the emphasis was primarily on legally mandated disparities between men and women, such as the prohibition of women from voting, owning property, holding jobs, enjoying equal rights in marriage, and holding positions of political power and authority (Turner, 2017). Second-wave feminists started focusing on less "official" barriers to gender equality, addressing issues like sexuality, reproductive rights, women's roles and labor in the home, and patriarchal culture during the 1960s to 1970s women's liberation movements (Turner, 2017). The third wave of feminist theory began in the 1990s and continues today. The third wave was brought about after critiques of the second wave. Third-wave feminism is rooted in politics and challenging binary gender terms, allowing for equality for all (Turner, 2017). Basic assumptions The fundamental tenets of the feminist theory include promoting and preventing sexual violence and working to advance equality and eliminate gender stratification. Given equal opportunities, women should be able to do things that men can. Underlying assumptions Feminist theories are predicated on the premise that women are equally capable of playing any role in society as their male counterparts. The oppression of women must end, and women's empowerment must continue (Turner, 2017). Key concepts Key concepts of feminist theory are equality, gender, sex, race, discrimination, race, difference, and choice. The systems we have in place often discriminate against individuals with these qualities and do not support equality (Walby, 1996). Foci/unit of analysis Gender and power are the units of analysis for feminist theory (Turner, 2017). Philosophical or conceptual framework Feminist theory seeks change and equality for women and other disadvantaged groups. Feminist theory aims to create an understanding of women within society and as a group. Additionally, it aims to spread awareness of women's needs, including their values and societal roles. Ultimately, feminist theory aims to create equality between men and women. Strengths of theory Feminist theory suggests ways to resolve inequalities, misconceptions, oppression, and restrictions experienced by women (Coady, 2007). Another advantage is the ability to apply feminist theory to both men and women. Using feminist theory with males, for example, allows men to be who they want without feeling

pressured to conform to gender roles (Coady, 2007). Limitations of theory Feminist theory has the potential to be disempowering to women. The approach focuses on middle-class white women and excludes minorities and people from other social groups. Feminist theory could be viewed as hateful towards men and does not consider any of their experiences (Walby, 1996). Common criticisms The most common criticism of the feminist theory is the focus on a women-centered viewpoint, which can be considered a hatred towards men (Walby, 1996). Because of women's increased abilities and opportunities today, feminist theory may be considered obsolete. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model Since feminist theory aims to empower women, it can be very helpful for women who have experienced abuse or trauma (Turner, 2017). Many different types of therapy can be used to support feminist theory. Therapies such as groups, community-based, socialist, and existential therapy. Consistency of theory/model with social work principles Feminist theory is consistent with social work principles such as social justice, human rights, diversity, and individual empowerment (National Association of Social Workers, 2022). In their commitment to challenging systemic inequalities and promoting social justice, feminist theory, and social work principles are thus inextricably linked. The social, economic, and political conditions that influence the lives of individuals, groups, and communities are also addressed in feminist theory. Feminist theory is dedicated to opposing oppressive systems and advocating for the rights of marginalized people. Feminist theory is consistent with social work values, which aim to empower individuals and communities while promoting social justice (National Association of Social Workers, 2022). Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles Feminist theory is a philosophical and sociological viewpoint focusing on women's experiences. It is based on the principle that everyone, regardless of gender, should be treated equally and respectfully. This is an important ethical principle because it promotes fairness and respect for all. Another important moral principle advocated by feminist theory is justice (National Association of Social Workers, 2022). This entails a commitment to establishing a society free of oppression and discrimination based on gender or other factors. Furthermore, feminist theory is extremely compatible with the concept of autonomy, which is a fundamental ethical principle. Allowing individuals to make decisions and live according to their values and beliefs is part of this. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Feminist theory can help social work research by providing perspectives to examine research methods that question traditional assumptions about the knowledge and power of women of all backgrounds. Scholars of feminist theory should collaborate with a diverse population to broaden existing feminist theory research to include specialized feminist perspectives. These various efforts'

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focus, energy, and findings would result in significant advances and clarity in feminist theory (Walby, 1996). Implications for social work practice The analysis of issues confronting women must include ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status, as well as how these affect women not only on a personal level but also on a community and global level (Coady, 2007). Problem Solving Model Name of theory Problem Solving Model Author or founder Helen Harris Perlman Historical origin of theory The theory of problem-solving emerged as a means of augmenting the abilities and resources of clients to more effectively address psychosocial issues through the deft use of their support network and the creation of a supportive network that centers on the kind of relationship that endures in the face of difficulties (Turner, 2017). Basic assumptions Some have argued that the best that can be hoped for is problem reduction and management—objectives that are more realistic and more achievable for clients and workers alike—because social workers and their clients rarely deal with clearly defined problems in real life and instead deal with a great deal of uncertainty. Underlying assumptions Overly "rationalistic" and regimented, with an excessive emphasis on technique over process, Key concepts the necessity of making exact decisions regarding a course of action, the definition of the problem, and its analysis (including the formulation and evaluation of alternatives), as well as the means of keeping track of and assessing the outcomes of that action. Foci/unit of analysis She highlighted the concepts of "partialization" and "concentration," which described how to assist the client in overcoming challenges by resolving minor problems initially and building confidence to move on to more challenging assignments. Philosophical or conceptual framework Problem-solving techniques in therapy and education; the impact of social values and conflicts between values on future planning. Strengths of theory It enables the client and the social worker to focus on a single problem. Limitations of theory Extended psychotherapy is not always required and may even impede a person's development. Often, clients will regress when participating in long-term treatment. Common criticisms Extensive research was only sometimes required and could potentially obstruct advancement. When and with whom it would be appropriate to use the theory/model When a client is self-aware enough to want to participate in the helping interaction, a social worker can always involve them by having them use their problem-solving skills.

Consistency of theory/model with social work principles lifelong personality development and growth brought about by day- to-day interactions Identification of goodness of fit with ethical principles What is and is not feasible is influenced by our society's "social surround" and its value systems, and some solutions lead to new issues. Ways in which theory/model informs research methods Combining her work with professionals from two schools with her own clinical experience, Ms. Perlman founded the "Chicago School" of public welfare. Perlman's work offered a new angle on controversial treatment-related subjects and influenced the Chicago School's approach to problem-solving, which social workers continue to use today. Implications for social work practice It makes it possible for social workers to assist and collaborate with clients to pinpoint practice issues and offer fixes for each unique issue. References Biddle, B. J. (2003). Recent Developments in Role Theory. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.12.080186.000435

Bretherton, I. (1992). The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology , 28 (5), 759–775. Coady, N., PhD, & Lcsw, P. L. P. (2007). Theoretical perspectives for direct social work practice: A Generalist-Eclectic Approach, Second Edition . Springer Publishing Company. Code of Ethics: English . (n.d.). https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English Issitt, M. (2022). General Systems Theory. Salem Press Encyclopedia. Jackson, J. (1998). Contemporary Criticisms of Role Theory. Journal of Occupational Science , 5 (2), 49–55. James, R. K., & Gilliland, B. E. (2016). Crisis Intervention Strategies (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. Leder, G. Know Thyself? Questioning the Theoretical Foundations of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Rev.Phil.Psych. 8, 391–410 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13164-016-0308-1 Mcleod, S., Ph.D. (2023). John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. Simply Psychology . https://www.simplypsychology.org/bowlby.html National Association of Social Workers.(2022).Code of Ethics: English. https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English Rector, N. A. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral Therapy: An Information Guide . Center for Addiction and Mental Health. Ritzer, G. (2004). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. SAGE Publications, Inc. eBooks . https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952552

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Thompson, B. (2020, July 2). Crisis Theory & Intervention: History, Indication, and Effectiveness. The Abstract Elephant Magazine. Retrieved October 1, 2023 from https://abstractelephant.com/2020/06/30/crisis-theory-and-intervention/ Turner, F. J. (2017). Social work treatment: Interlocking Theoretical Approaches . Oxford University Press. Turner, R. H. (2006). Role theory. In Springer eBooks (pp. 233–254). https://doi.org/10.1007/0- 387-36274-6_12 Walby, S. (1996). Key Concepts in Feminist Theory. Department of History, International and Social Studies, Aalborg University. FREIA's tekstserie No. 33 https://doi.org/10.5278/freia.14136354

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