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How has U.S. society’s understanding of race and ethnicity evolved? Why do the cultural explanations for race and ethnicity exceed the biological ones? What impact does constantly evolving terminology related to race and ethnicity have on racial and ethnic relations in the U.S.? (USLO 5.1) The US social understanding of race and ethnicity has not evolved positively. Many black and Latino Americans are not being treated as equals still. Many of my Latino Americans still consistently get targeted by the laws. Police brutality has not improved, nor have there been any laws to help combat it. “A large majority of Black Americans (83%) say efforts to ensure equality haven’t gone far enough. This compares with 58% of Hispanic Americans, 55% of Asian Americans and 44% of White Americans. About a quarter of White Americans (24%) say these efforts have gone too far . Some 19% of Asian Americans and 15% of Hispanic Americans agree, compared with 7% of Black Americans” (Astafford (2023) Latinos in the USA have been at the forefront of the Texas news because of laws being passed here. “In a 90-57 vote, the House also passed Senate Bill 4, sponsored by state Rep. Ryan Guillen , R- Rio Grande City. The measure would increase the minimum sentence from two years to 10 years for smuggling immigrants or operating a stash house. The bill was previously approved by the Senate and now goes to the governor’s office for Abbott’s consideration. Democrats said the definition of smuggling in the bill is too broad and could lead to law enforcement officers targeting people giving rides to friends or family who happen to be undocumented to places such as a church or a doctor’s office. They also raised concerns that the bill imposes a 10-year mandatory minimum sentence, pointing out that more serious felonies have lower minimum sentences — first-degree felonies like murder carry a 5-year minimum sentence, for example.” (García (2023) And “House Bill 6 would allow the state to also purchase more floating barriers to place on the Rio Grande. Earlier this year, Abbott ordered a 1,000-foot-long string of buoys, separated by serrated saw blades and supporting a submerged mesh net, to be installed in the Rio Grande at Eagle Pass. A federal judge ordered Texas to remove the barrier because it didn’t ask the federal government’s permission to place it in international waters. An appeals court later granted Texas’ request to leave the barrier in place until the courts make a final ruling.” (García (2023)

These are some reasons why I believe the US has gone backward. Explore and identify your community’s racial and ethnic demographics. What are some of the racial and ethnic conversations taking place in your community? How would you rate intergroup interactions among members of your community on a scale of tolerant to intolerant? Consider if notions like pluralism, amalgamation, expulsion, and genocide apply to your community. (USLO 5.2, 5.3) Conversations in my “ethnic groups” are and have been the same for years, but I’d like to touch on just a couple of topics I have heard from my elders growing up. I am aware I am pale- skinned. I am aware I do not look like other native women. But I grew up within my culture, I was raised within it. I am very privileged in the aspect of being pale as I passed for white and got opportunities my great-grandmother, grandfather, cousins, aunties, and uncles NEVER got. They were darker-toned and physically looked very native compared to me. I am also privileged in the fact I grew up in my culture. Many full-blooded natives did not get the opportunity to grow up like I did for many reasons. My community is facing genocide still to this day and here are a couple of examples and reasons. Pretendians: There are a lot of pretendians. White Americans claimed to be native because someone in their family was a 5-dollar Indian, yet when they take an ancestry test, shocker, they are not native at all, but they continue to say they have native blood. Of course, there is 1% most of their ancestors raped and murdered mine. In today’s time, I can’t say how many times I have heard a white American say they are Cherokee. It’s always Cherokee too. That is a huge issue in the community as social media and ancestry tests are making people Think 5% or 1% is enough. The one-drop rule was used in the Jim Crow era a lot to benefit

White Americans keeping Black Americans out of areas of wealth and education. Now, that rule is trying to be forced onto us. The community is not accepting it. “The number of people who identify as Native American on the U.S. Census has soared in recent years by 86% from 2010 to 2020. That is a much bigger jump than can be explained by birth rates alone. It's totally clear that a lot of people who are claiming Native status now did not before, which raises concerns in Native communities about why people are doing this and what it means for their own identities” (Kesler (2022). Blood quantum: The blood quantum levels. It proves how naive we are. Aside from Dogs, cats, and horses, we are the only group to take federal tests to prove how naive we are to be accepted by law to a tribe and be registered to receive benefits from the tribe and state. “ Blood quantum minimums really restrict who can be a citizen of a tribe. If you've got 25 percent of Navajo blood — according to that tribe's blood quantum standards — and you have children with someone who has a lower blood quantum, those kids won't be able to enroll.” (Chow (2018) Blood quantum is problematic because of how the system was set up from the beginning. “Blood quantum emerged as a way to measure "Indian-ness" through a construct of race. So that over time, Indians would literally breed themselves out and rid the federal government of their legal duties to uphold treaty obligations.” Chow (2018). Many people in the community chose not to be registered. Due to the fact of being murdered for being Native. Getting kids kidnapped to be in the CPS system for the only legal un-culturing the USA has or to be trafficked. Many Natives were raised to think that being white was better, and if we pretended to be white, then we wouldn't have issues like in the past. Native women and kids are

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being trafficked at a higher rate than most in the USA. “The National Crime Information Center reports that, in 2016, there were 5,712 reports of missing American Indian and Alaska Native women and girls, though the US Department of Justice’s federal missing person database, NamUs, only logged 116 cases.” ( Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) , n.d.) I also have a personal issue with how pretty, rich Caucasian women are quick to be searched for by the Police but black. Hispanic and indigenous women are not. The Gabby Petito case is a prime example. “ The fervent public engagement and dedication of investigative officials led to Petito’s remains being discovered in less than a month in Wyoming. Within the last nine years 710 indigenous people, mainly women, have disappeared in the same area where Petito was found, and most cases have remained unresolved. Where was their national media coverage? Currently, 64,000 Black women are declared missing within America, but where is their media attention and public outcry?” (Grewal (2021) ICWA: ICWA was almost overturned by white Christian conservatives from Texas thought ICWA was racist because they wanted to adopt an Indian female child and were denied. Which caused them to take that case to the SCOTUS court. Why is this an issue? If ICWA was overturned, and many native kids were displaced from the culture, further causing the distance in our generations. ICWA being overturned would also hurt the community and give the government the option to come after the sovereignty the community has.

I am attaching two articles about the rulings and a brief history. https://www.cwla.org/district-court-ruling-threatens-icwa/ https://narf.org/cases/brackeen-v-bernhardt/ Works Citied Astafford. (2023, September 29). Americans’ views of progress on racial equality | Pew Research Center . Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2023/08/10/views-of-the-countrys-progress- on-racial-equality/ Chow, K. (2018, February 9). So what exactly is “Blood quantum”? NPR . https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2018/02/09/583987261/so-what-exactly-is- blood-quantum GannonLiveScience, M. (2016, February 5). Race is a social construct, scientists argue . Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social- construct-scientists-argue/ Grewal, A. A. (2021, October 21). The missing case of Gabby Petito and the cases of missing Indigenous women – UAB Institute for Human Rights blog . https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/2021/10/21/the-missing-case-of-gabby-petito-and-the- cases-of-missing-indigenous-women/

Kesler, S. Y. (2022, February 23). The race-shifting of “Pretendians.” NPR . https://www.npr.org/2022/02/23/1082622851/native-american-communities-concerned- about-self-identification-wannabes Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) . (n.d.). https://www.nativehope.org/missing- and-murdered-indigenous-women-mmiw Sciamanna, J. (n.d.). District Court ruling threatens ICWA – CWLA . https://www.cwla.org/district-court-ruling-threatens-icwa/ García, U. J. (2023, October 27). Texas House approves two immigration bills including border wall money. The Texas Tribune . https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/25/texas- legislature-house-immigration-bills/

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